Table 3.

Time-weighted average of treatment effects at 2 years (AUC) from adjusted^* as-treated randomized and observational cohorts combined primary outcome analysis, according to treatment received and patient follow-up status.

DS	Patient follow-up status	Surgical	Non- operative	Treatment Effect† (95% CI)
SF-36 Bodily Pain (BP) (SE)††	Currently in study	30.8 (1)	13.1 (1.2)	17.7 (15.1, 20.3)
	Lost to follow-up	25.1 (1.3)	14.1 (1.4)	11.1 (7.8, 14.4)
	p-value	<0.001	0.60	0.002
SF-36 Physical Function (PF) (SE)††	Currently in study	24.8 (1)	10.4 (1.2)	14.4 (11.9, 16.9)
	Lost to follow-up	20.6 (1.3)	9.7 (1.4)	10.8 (7.7, 14)
	p-value	0.01	0.71	0.074
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (SE)‡	Currently in study	−22.4 (0.8)	−7.8 (1)	−14.6 (−16.5, −12.6)
	Lost to follow-up	−20.1 (1)	−7.9 (1.1)	−12.2 (−14.7, −9.7)
	p-value	0.082	0.96	0.13
Stenosis Bothersomeness Index (SE)§	Currently in study	−8 (0.3)	−2.8 (0.3)	−5.2 (−5.9, −4.5)
	Lost to follow-up	−6.9 (0.4)	−3.5 (0.4)	−3.4 (−4.3, −2.5)
	p-value	0.008	0.19	0.002

^*Adjusted for age, gender, race, work status, depression, BMI, any neurofroamen L or R, joint problem, stomach problem, reflex deficit, number of moderate/severe stenotic levels, other^** comorbidity, baseline stenosis bothersomeness, baseline score (for SF-36 and ODI), and center.

^†Treatment effect is the difference between the surgical and non-operative mean change from baseline.

^††The SF-36 scores range from 0 to 100, with higher score indicating less severe symptoms.

^‡The Oswestry Disability Index ranges from 0 to 100, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.

^§The Stenosis Bothersomeness index range from 0 to 24, with lower scores indicating less severe symptoms.

^**Other comorbidities include: stroke, cancer, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol, drug dependency, lung, liver, kidney, blood vessel, nervous system, migraine, anxiety.