Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects with diabetes mellitus stratified by sex
| Variables | male (n = 5308) | female (n = 6170) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DM (n = 527) | non-DM (n = 4781) | p valuea | DM (n = 664) | non-DM (n = 5506) | p valuea | |
| Age (years) | 56.43 ± 10.27 | 54.10 ± 10.81 | <.001 | 58.42 ± 9.11 | 52.78 ± 10.34 | <.001 |
| Race (Han) (%) | 497(94.3) | 4530(94.8) | 0.667 | 631(95.0) | 5221(94.8) | 0.820 |
| Education level (%) | 0.112 | <.001 | ||||
| Primary school or below | 241(45.7) | 1969(41.2) | 457(68.8) | 3048(55.4) | ||
| Middle school | 224(42.5) | 2266(47.4) | 169(25.5) | 2019(36.7) | ||
| High school or above | 62(11.8) | 546(11.4) | 38(5.7) | 439(8.0) | ||
| Income level (CNY) (%) | 0.267 | 0.003 | ||||
| ≤ 5000 | 67(12.7) | 642(13.4) | 99(14.9) | 616(11.2) | ||
| 5000–20,000 | 274(52.0) | 2571(53.8) | 371(55.9) | 3047(55.3) | ||
| > 20,000 | 186(35.3) | 1568(32.8) | 194(29.2) | 1843(33.5) | ||
| Current smoking (%) | 279(52.9) | 2743(57.4) | 0.051 | 86(13.0) | 936(17.0) | 0.008 |
| Current drinking (%) | 241(45.7) | 2156(45.1) | 0.781 | 12(1.8) | 166(3.0) | 0.079 |
| Physical activity (%) | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Low | 222(42.1) | 1356(28.4) | 386(58.1) | 2248(40.8) | ||
| Middle | 81(15.4) | 928(19.4) | 130(19.6) | 1064(19.3) | ||
| High | 224(42.5) | 2497(52.2) | 148(22.3) | 2194(39.8) | ||
| Vegetable intake (%) | 0.554 | 0.516 | ||||
| < 1 kg/w | 45(8.5) | 448(9.4) | 66(9.9) | 528(9.6) | ||
| 1–1.5 kg/w | 120(22.8) | 1091(22.8) | 165(24.8) | 1374(25.0) | ||
| 1.5-2 kg/w | 146(27.7) | 1337(28.0) | 202(30.4) | 1586(28.8) | ||
| ≥ 2 kg/w | 216(41.0) | 1905(39.8) | 231(34.8) | 2018(36.7) | ||
| Meat intake (%) | 0.202 | <.001 | ||||
| < 0.25 kg/w | 209(39.7) | 1709(35.7) | 404(60.8) | 2967(53.9) | ||
| 0.25–0.5 kg/w | 146(27.7) | 1468(30.7) | 179(27.0) | 1476(26.8) | ||
| ≥ 0.5 kg/w | 172(32.6) | 1604(33.5) | 81(12.2) | 1063(19.3) | ||
| Fatty food intake (%) | 0.397 | <.001 | ||||
| Rare | 398(75.5) | 3505(73.3) | 611(92.0) | 4801(87.2) | ||
| 2–3 times/w | 97(18.4) | 1054(22.0) | 51(7.7) | 613(11.1) | ||
| ≥ 4times/w | 32(6.1) | 222(4.6) | 2(0.3) | 92(1.7) | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | 154.35 ± 23.60 | 142.46 ± 22.20 | <.001 | 152.26 ± 24.41 | 138.65 ± 23.53 | <.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 87.74 ± 12.53 | 83.33 ± 1.64 | <.001 | 83.72 ± 12.09 | 80.17 ± 11.35 | <.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 392(74.4) | 2465(51.6) | <.001 | 503(75.8) | 2496(45.3) | <.001 |
| Height (cm) | 166.25 ± 6.47 | 166.44 ± 6.33 | 0.522 | 154.99 ± 6.23 | 155.68 ± 6.05 | 0.007 |
| Weight (cm) | 72.16 ± 11.66 | 68.22 ± 11.00 | <.001 | 63.29 ± 10.26 | 59.90 ± 10.04 | <.001 |
| WC (cm) | 88.38 ± 9.65 | 83.29 ± 9.65 | <.001 | 86.11 ± 9.24 | 80.68 ± 9.64 | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.04 ± 3.48 | 24.59 ± 3.53 | <.001 | 26.31 ± 3.83 | 24.68 ± 3.73 | <.001 |
| WHtR | 0.53 ± 0.06 | 0.50 ± 0.06 | <.001 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.52 ± 0.06 | <.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.20(7.39–10.56) | 5.53(5.18–5.92) | <.001 | 8.22(7.26–10.04) | 5.42(5.08–5.81) | <.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.75(1.08–2.80) | 1.19(0.84–1.80) | <.001 | 1.86(1.23–2.83) | 1.22(0.87–1.79) | <.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.31 ± 0.39 | 1.42 ± 0.43 | <.001 | 1.32 ± 0.31 | 1.42 ± 0.35 | <.001 |
| TG/HDL-C | 1.43(0.80–2.56) | 0.88(0.56–1.50) | <.001 | 1.45(0.93–2.44) | 0.88(0.58–1.42) | <.001 |
| Family history of DM (%) | 100(19.0) | 317(6.6) | <.001 | 167(25.2) | 461(8.4) | <.001 |
| Medication use (%) | 305(57.9) | 2215(46.3) | <.001 | 499(75.2) | 3098(56.3) | <.001 |
| CVD history (%) | 80(15.2) | 483(10.1) | <.001 | 195(29.4) | 970(17.6) | <.001 |
| CMI | 0.79(0.40–1.43) | 0.43(0.26–0.77) | <.001 | 0.82(0.50–1.37) | 0.45(0.28–0.77) | <.001 |
| LAP (cm·mmol/L) | 41.16 (20.28–75.90) |
20.46 (10.18–40.32) |
<.001 | 52.73 (30.52–87.81) |
26.35 (15.30–46.44) |
<.001 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range) and numbers (percentage) as appropriate. DM diabetes mellitus, CNY Chinese currency (1CNY = 0.15 USD), SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, WC waist circumference, BMI body mass index, WHtR waist-to-height ratio, FPG fasting plasma glucose, TG triglyceride, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG/HDL-C triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, CMI cardiometabolic index, LAP lipid accumulation product; Medication usage: any self-reported medication used in the past 2 weeks, CVD history cardiovascular disease history
aComparisons of category variables between groups were tested by chi-square test and comparisons for continuous variables between groups were tested by Student’s t or Mann-Whitney test