Effect of GSNO, CAPE, and combination GSNO+CAPE for 7 days on activation and expression of AMPK. Activation of AMPK (measured as increased levels of AMPK phosphorylation) and expression of total AMPK (AMPKα) were measured in traumatic penumbra region using western analysis (A) and its densitometry (B). While CAPE treatment increased AMPK activation levels, GSNO treatment had no significant effects on AMPK activation. Treatment with GSNO+CAPE had synergistic effects. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=4). ***p<0.001 vs. Sham, +++p<0.001 vs. TBI, ###p<0.001 vs. GSNO, $p<0.05 vs. CAPE.