Table 1.
Types of stigma and stigma-related concepts
| Terms | Publication(s) | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| TYPES OF STIGMA | ||
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| ||
| Health-Related Stigma Disease Stigma |
(Adeyemo et al., 2015; M. Ezenwa et al., 2016; C. Jenerette et al., 2012; Wakefield et al., 2017) | The occurrence of labeling and stereotyping, negative treatment, and discrimination in the context of health-related situations. |
| Internalized Stigma | (Bediako et al., 2014; Holloway et al., 2016) | The act of adopting society’s negative labeling and views about having a disease. Can lead to negative person feeling and guilt about disease status. |
| Felt Stigma Perceived Stigma |
(Blake et al., 2017; Sankar et al., 2006) | The perception that one is being treated negatively as a target of stigma. Can occur even if the source of the treatment is ambiguous (attributional ambiguity). |
| Societal Stigma Social stigma |
(Mulchan et al., 2016) | Negative attitudes toward a person for a characteristic deemed undesirable by society |
| External Stigma | (C. Jenerette et al., 2012) | The awareness that there are negative attitudes from the general public, healthcare providers, or family/friends. |
| Enacted Stigma | (Blake et al., 2017) | The experience of negative treatment due to stigmatized status. |
| Anticipated stigma | (Bediako et al., 2014) | The expectation that one will be negatively stereotyped and treated in future encounters |
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| STIGMA-RELATED CONCEPTS | ||
|
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| Attributional ambiguity | Uncertainty regarding the source of negative treatment | |
| Social Exclusion | (Bediako et al., 2014) | The extent that disease status causes interpersonal rejection |
| Disclosure | (Bediako et al., 2014) | Considerations and apprehension about telling others about disease status. |
| Expected Discrimination | (Bediako et al., 2014) | Anticipated negative treatment due to disease status |
| Racial Health Disparity | (Wakefield et al., 2017) | Consists of differences in opportunities, access to healthcare, and care received |
| Perceived racial bias Perceived Racism |
(Cole, 2007; Royal et al., 2011; Wakefield et al., 2017) | Experiencing discrimination or negative treatment because of race. |
| Perceived Injustice | (Ezenwa et al., 2015) | Perception of unfair treatment |
| Healthcare Injustice | (M. O. Ezenwa et al., 2016) | Perception of unfair treatment from healthcare providers |
| Perceived Discrimination | (Haywood et al., 2014; Haywood et al., 2014; Mathur et al., 2016; Stanton et al., 2010) | Negative treatment perceived on the basis of race or ethnicity or disease status. |