Table 2.
Studies evaluating all-cause mortality risk in Hispanics vs. non-Hispanics with CKD
| Study | Participants | Setting | DM Prevalence | F/U, y | Confounders | HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-ESRD | ||||||
| Peralta et al (2006)20 | 39,550; 31% Hispanic; CKD3-4 | KP Northern California | 15% | 4 | Age, sex, income, education, language, HTN, CVD, DM, insulin, baseline eGFR, proteinuria, medications | 0.71 (0.65- 0.77) |
| Mehrotra et al (2008)52 | 2892; % Hispanic NA; CKD3-4 | NHANES III | 24% | 9 | Age, sex, HTN, cholesterol, BMI, DM, smoking, family history of premature CVD, stage of CKD | 1.26 (0.84- 1.90)* |
| Derose, 201318 | 1,119,816**; 31% Hispanic | KP Southern California | __*** | 5 | Age, sex, entry eGFR | 0.67 (0.63- 0.72)** |
| Lewis, 201522 | 4,038; 13% Hispanic; CKD3-4 | TREAT Study | 100% | 2 | Race, age, sex, BMI, insulin, eGFR, SUN, albumin, Hb, ferritin, CRP, proteinuria, AKI, DM, BP, HbA1c, CVD, medications, smoking, blood transfusion, heart rate, reticulocytes, WBC count, gout, GI bleeding, lung disease, treatment randomization | 0.86 (0.66- 1.10) |
| Fischer, 201623 | 3,785; 13% Hispanic; CKD3-4 | CRIC Study | 47% | 5 | Age, sex, baseline eGFR, DM, education, health insurance, nephology care, smoking, systolic BP, ACEi/ARB use, BMI, HbA1c, proteinuria | 0.89 (0.59- 1.35) |
| ESRD | ||||||
| Frankenfield, 200345 | 8,336; 12% Hispanic | ESRD CPM Project | 40% | 1 | Age, sex, ethnicity, DM, years on dialysis, BMI, amputations, mean Kt/V, catheter access, Hb, albumin, ESRD Network | 0.76 (0.60- 0.96) |
| Murthy, 200546 | 100,618; 10% Hispanic | USRDS 1995- 1997 | 42% | 2 | Age, sex, race, HTN, CVD, smoking, COPD, AIDS, cancer, alcohol dependence, BMI, serum albumin, Hct, eGFR, functional status, pre-ESRD EPO use | DM: 0.70 (0.66- 0.74); no DM: 0.83 (0.77- 0.91) |
| Yan, 201349 | 1,282,201; 12- 20% Hispanic | USRDS 1995- 2009 | 15-67% | 2 | Age, sex, insurance, BMI, lifestyle, immobility, cause of ESRD, dialysis modality, pre-ESRD use of ESAs, comorbid conditions | 0.70 (0.69– 0.70) |
| Arce, 201347 | 615,618; 17% Hispanic | USRDS 1995- 2007 | 50% | --*** | Age, sex, year, comorbid conditions, dialysis modality, insurance, BMI, eGFR | 0.84 (0.83- 0.86)† |
| Rhee, 201448 | 130,909; 16% Hispanic | Private U.S. dialysis provider | 43% | 2 | Age, sex, insurance, BMI, dialysis modality, DM, smoking, alcohol/drug dependence, HTN, CVD, COPD, cancer, functional status, eGFR, Kt/v, serum phosphate, albumin, TIBC, calcium, bicarbonate, creatinine, ferritin, Hb, WBC count, lymphocyte %, PCR | 0.77 (0.73- 0.81)‡ |
| Gomez- Puerta, 201544 | 12,533; 16% Hispanic; ESRD due to LN | USRDS 1995– 2008 | 9% | 3 | Age, sex, year, insurance, BMI, eGFR, albumin, employment, area-level SES, U.S. region, dialysis modality, smoking, HTN, DM, CVD, COPD, cancer | 0.79 (0.71– 0.88) |
HR for age strata <65 years
HR of death among those with projected kidney failure during CKD stages 3-4.
not applicable
HR for age strata 60-79 years
HR for age strata 60-70 years
Abbreviations: ACEi/ARB, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPM, Clinical Performance Measures; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, EPO, erythropoietin; ESA, erythropoietin-stimulating agent; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; GI, gastrointestinal; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; Hct, hematocrit; HTN, hypertension; HR, hazard ratio; KP, Kaiser Permanente; LN: lupus nephritis; NA, not available; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PCR, protein catabolic rate; SES, socio-economic status; TIBC, total iron binding capacity; USRDS, U.S. Renal Data System; WBC, white blood cell.