Table 1.
NSC‐mediated cancer therapy: Preclinical in vivo studies
| Anticancer agent | Mechanism | Tumor model | NSC route of administration | Species: NSCs/tumor/host | Tumor location | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HSV‐TK/GCV | GCV‐triphosphate cytotoxicity | Breast cancer to brain metastases | Intracerebral, intra‐arterial | Mouse/human/mouse | Metastatic | 31, 32 |
| 5‐FU | Inhibits TS | Glioma | Intratumoral | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic brain | 11 |
| 5‐FU | Inhibits TS | Breast cancer | Intratumoral | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic mammary fat pad | 33 |
| 5‐FU | Inhibits TS | Medulloblastoma | Intratumoral | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic | 34 |
| SN‐38 | Inhibits topoisomerase | Medulloblastoma | Intratumoral | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic cerebellar | 12 |
| SN‐38 | Inhibits topoisomerase | Neuroblastoma | Intravenous | Human/human/mouse | Metastatic | 21 |
| SN‐38 | Inhibits topoisomerase | Breast | Intravenous | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic | 10 |
| SN‐38 | Inhibits topoisomerase | Pancreas | Intravenous | Human/human/mouse | Ectopic flank | 18 |
| SN‐38 | Inhibits topoisomerase | Lung | Intravenous | Human/human/mouse | Ectopic flank | 19 |
| CRAd‐S‐pk7 virus | Oncolysis | Glioma | Intratumoral | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic brain | 35 |
| Trastuzumab | Inhibits HER2 | Breast to brain metastases | Intravenous | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic brain | 36 |
| TRAIL | Induces apoptosis | Glioma | Intravenous | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic brain | 37 |
| Osteoprogerin | Inhibits osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption | Neuroblastoma bone metastases | Intravenous | Human/human/mouse | Metastatic | 38 |
| Thrombospondin‐1 | Antiangiogenic | Glioma | Intracerebral | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic brain | 39 |
| PEX | Blood vessel effector | Glioma | Intracranial | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic brain | 40 |
| IL‐4 | Immune‐stimulatory | Glioma | Intracerebral | Mouse/mouse/mouse | Orthotopic brain | 37 |
| IL‐12 | Immune‐stimulatory | Glioma | Intracerebral | Mouse/mouse/mouse | Orthotopic brain | 24 |
| IL‐23 | Immune‐stimulatory | Glioma | Intracerebral | Mouse/mouse/mouse | Orthotopic brain | 41 |
| Iron/iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle + AMF | Physical disruption | Melanoma | Intravenous | Mouse/mouse/mouse | Orthotopic flank | 20 |
| Gold nanorods + NIR | Thermal ablation | Breast, bladder cancer | Intratumoral | Human/human/mouse | Ectopic flank | 42 |
| Docetaxel‐loaded NPs | Inhibits microtubules | Breast cancer | Intratumoral | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic breast | 43 |
| Cisplatin‐loaded NPs | DNA damage | Ovarian cancer | Intraperitoneal | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic ovarian | 16 |
| Doxorubicin‐loaded NPs | DNA intercalation | Glioma | Intracerebral | Human/human/mouse | Orthotopic brain | 44 |
Abbreviations: 5‐FU, 5‐fluorouracil; AMF, alternating magnetic field; GCV, ganciclovir; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HSV‐TK, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase type 1; IL‐12, interleukin‐12; IL‐23, interleukin‐23; IL‐4, interleukin‐4; NIR, near infrared; NPs, nanoparticles; NSC, neural stem cells; PEX, hemopexin C domain autolytic fragment of matrix metalloproteinase‐2; SN‐38, irinotecan; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand; TS, thymidylate synthase.