Table 1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteriaa .
Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
Medicine and healthcare professionals National or regional (State level) Exams taken early in career/soon after graduation Success in examination linked to ability to practise Any language (assuming translation could be obtained) Countries comparable to the UK using the UNDP development index Published since 2005 |
Outside healthcare Local or institutional level Specialist examinations Prior to 2005 |
Abbreviation: UNDP, United Nations Development Programme.
a Adapted from Archer et al.43