Table 1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria^a .

Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Medicine and healthcare professionals National or regional (State level) Exams taken early in career/soon after graduation Success in examination linked to ability to practise Any language (assuming translation could be obtained) Countries comparable to the UK using the UNDP development index Published since 2005	Outside healthcare Local or institutional level Specialist examinations Prior to 2005

Abbreviation: UNDP, United Nations Development Programme.

^a Adapted from Archer et al.⁴³