Table 2.

Comparative analysis of toxicokinetics of TCE metabolites in mice, rats, and humans.

Study	Dose†	Route	Species	Strains	Sex	TCA(%)‡		TCOH (%)	GSH conjugation (%)	Oxidation to GSH
				B6C3F1/J		5.8		21	0.0131	2045.8
This study	800	oral	mice	C57BL/6J	M	3.5		12	0.0129	1201.6
				NZW/LacJ		7.1		31	0.0104	3663.5
Chiu et al 2014‖	2100	oral	mice	B6C3F1/J	M	4.4		—	0.065	290
Chiu et al 2009‖	1000	oral	mice	—	—	90			0.2	450
Larson and Bull 1992	600	oral	mice	B6C3F1/J	M	3.9		31	—	—
Fisher et al. 1991‖	368	inhalation	mice	B6C3F1/J	M	7		—	—	—
Green and Prout 1985	500	oral	mice	B6C3F1/J	M	7.2*		91.1*	—	—
Dekant et al. 1984	200	stomach tube	mice	NMRI	F	0.1*		94.3*	—	—
Chiu et al 2009‖	100	inhalation	rat	—	—	40			0.06	666.7
Bernauer et al 1996	160	inhalation	rat	Wistar	M&F	—	—		—	2562¶
Larson and Bull 1992	600	oral	rat	Sprague-Dawley	M	4.1	23.2		—	—
Fisher et al. 1991‖	505	inhalation	rat	F344	M	6	—		—	—
Commandeur 1990	400	i.p.	rat	Wistar	M	—	—		0.0026¶	—
Green and Prout 1985	500	oral	rat	Osborne-Mendal	M	6.3*	90.1*		—	—
Dekant et al. 1984	200	stomach tube	rat	Wistar	F	15.3*	73.6*		—	—
Chiu et al 2009‖	1	inhalation	human	—	M	38			5	7.6
Chiu et al 2006	1	inhalation	human	—	M	1–2	16–28		—	—
Bernauer et al 1996	160	inhalation	human	—	M	—	—		—	7163¶
Monster 1979	70	inhalation	human	—	M	21	43		—	—
Monster 1976	70	inhalation	human	—	M	18	39		—	—

^†Dose units: ppm for inhalation route; mg/kg for other routes.

^‡Percentage of administered TCE excreted in urine (% were estimated for this study).

^‖Estimates were derived from a PBPK model.

^*Percentage of total urinary metabolite calculated based on radioactivity.

^¶Used excreted n-acetyl cysteine conjugates to represent GSH conjugation of TCE.