Table 3.

Comparative analysis of toxicokinetics of PCE metabolites in mice, rats, and humans.

Study	Dose†	Route	Species	Strains	Sex	TCA (%)‡	GSH conjugation (%)	Oxidation to GSH
				B6C3F1/J	M	6.4	0.187	34.2
This study	800	oral	mice	C57BL/6J	M	6.6	0.253	26.1
				NZW/LacJ	M	9.4	0.298	31.5
Cichocki et al 2017	300	oral	mice	C57BL/6J	M	5.9	0.79	7.5
	10	inhalation	mice	—	—	12	0.02	600
	100	oral	mice	—	—	35	0.07	500
Chiu et al 2011‖	10	inhalation	rat	—	—	3.9	0.2	19.5
	100	oral	rat	—	—	8.9	0.6	14.8
	40					—	—	316.4
Volkel et al 1998	20	inhalation	rat	Wistar	M&F	—	—	540.6
	10					—	—	623.6
Chiu et al 2011‖	10	inhalation	human	—	—	0.98	9.4	0.1
	100	oral	human	—	—	1.8	18	0.1
Chiu et al 2006	1	inhalation	human	—	M	0.2–0.8	—	—
	40			—		—	—	96.3
Volkel et al 1998	20	inhalation	human	—	M&F	—	—	89.1
	10			—		—	—	107.7
Monster 1979	72	inhalation	human	—	M	2	—	—

^†Dose units: ppm for inhalation route; mg/kg for other routes.

^‡Percentage of administered TCE excreted in urine (% were estimated for this study).

^‖Estimates were derived from a PBPK model.