Table 1.
Characteristics of descriptive studies about antibiotic prescription.
| Reference, Country | Study design | Age group/inclusion | Median (IQR) or Mean age ± SD | Inclusion criteria | N children included | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed et al. (19), US | CSp | 0–18 years | NR | URTI | 321 | Low |
| Angoulvant et al. (20), France | CR | <18 years | 17 months (7–40) | ARTI | 53.055 | High |
| Aronson et al. (21), US | CSr | 29–56 days | 46 days (37–53) | Fever | 1626 | High |
| 45 days (37–53) | ||||||
| Ayanruoh et al. (22), US | CSr | 3–18 years | NR | Clinical diagnosis of pharyngitis | 8280 | Low |
| Benin et al. (23), US | CSr | 3–18 years | 8.7 years (6–13) | Diagnosis pharyngitis | 391 | Moderate |
| Benito-Fernández et al. (24), Spain | CP | 0–36 months | 6.86 months ± 6.3° | Fever without source | 206 | Low |
| 6.55 months ± 6.8° | ||||||
| Blaschke et al. (25) US◇ | CSr | All ages | 53% < 18 years | Influenza | 58 | Low |
| Brauner et al. (26), Israel | CCr | 3–36 months | NR | Fever and complete blood count | 292 | Moderate |
| Bonner et al. (27), US | RCT | 2 months−21 years | NR | Influenza | 202 | Moderate |
| Bustinduy et al. (28), UK | CP | <16 years | 2 years (1–4 years) | Fever or reported fever | 1097 | Moderate |
| Chao et al. (29), US | RCT | 2–12 years | 5.01 years (3.67–6.68) | AOM | 206 | Moderate |
| 3.73 years (2.82–5.75) | ||||||
| Craig et al. (3), Australia | CP | <6 years | ± 60% < 24 months | Fever | 15.781 | High |
| Coco et al. (30), US | CSr | <12 years | ± 2 years* | AOM | 8325 | High |
| Colvin et al. (31), US | CP | 2–36 months | 8.0 months | Fever without source ¥ | 75 | Low |
| Copp et al. (32), US | CSr | <18 years | ±6 years* | UTI | 1828 (36% in ED) | Low |
| Doan et al. (33), Canada | RCT | 3–36 months | 15 months (3–36) | Acue respiratory symptoms | 199 | Moderate |
| 14 months (4–34) | ||||||
| Fischer et al. (34), US | CP | 2–18 years | 68% 2–6 years | AOM | 144 | Low |
| Galetto Lacour et al. (35), Switzerland | CP | 7 days −36 months | 11 months* | Fever without source ¥ | 124 | Moderate |
| Galetto-Lacour et al. (35), Switzerland | CP | 7 days −36 months | 7.2 months (0.4–31.1) | Fever without source ¥ | 99 | Low |
| 9.7 months (0.7–34) | ||||||
| Goldman et al. (36), Canada | CP | <3 months | 48.7 days ± 23.6° | Fever | 257 | Low |
| Houten et al. (37), Netherlands | CP | 2–60 months | 21 months ± 16° | Fever and LRTI symptoms or without source | 577 | Moderate |
| Irwin et al. (38), UK | CP | <16 years | 2.4 years (0.9–5.7) | Fever and blood tests | 1101 | High |
| Isaacman et al. (39), US | CR | 3–36 months | 18 months ± 9.8° | Fever without source in a GED¥ | 79 | Low |
| 16.3 months ±8.8° | Fever without source in a PED¥ | 498 | ||||
| Iyer et al. (40), US | RCT | 2–24 months | ±75% 6–24 months | Fever | 700 | Moderate |
| Jain et al. (41), US | CP | <18 years | NR | Fever | 19075 | High |
| Khine et al. (42), US | CR | 3–36 months | 15.2 months ±8.7° | Reported fever in GED | 237 | Moderate |
| 3–36 months | 16.6 months ±9.1° | Reported fever in PED | 224 | |||
| Kilic et al. (43) Turkey | CSr | 3–140 months | 41.2 months ±31° | Asthma, croup, Bronchiolitis | 2544 | Low |
| Kornblith et al. (44), US | CSr | 0–18 years | ± 56% 1–5 years | ARTI | 6461 | High |
| Kronman et al. (45), US | CSr | 1–18 years | 50–60% 1–5 years | CAP | 266.000 | High |
| Lacroix et al. (46), France | RCT | 7 days−36 months | 3.4 months (1.5–10.4) | Fever without source | 271 | High |
| 4.8 months (1.7–10.4) | ||||||
| Linder et al. (47), US | CSr | 3–17 years | 45% 6–11 years | Sore throat | 6955 | High |
| Li-Kim-Moy et al. (48), Australia | CR | 0 ≤ 18 years | 3.1 years (1.1–7.4) | Lab proven influenza | 301 | Moderate |
| Manzano et al. (49), Canada | RCT | 1–36 months | 12 ± 8 months° | Fever | 384 | High |
| 12 ± 8 months° | ||||||
| Massin et al. (50) Belgium | CP | 1–36 months | 13.8 months ±9.7° | Fever without source ¥ | 376 | Moderate |
| McCaig et al. (51), US | CSr | 3 months−2 years | NR | Fever and BC (discharged) | 5.4% of all ED visits | Low |
| McCormick et al. (52), US | RCT | 6–72 months | ±60% < 1 years | AOM | 209 | Moderate |
| Murray et al. (53), US | CP | <56 days | 36 days ± 13.8 | Fever | 520 | Low |
| Nelson et al. (54), US* | CP | 3 months−18 years | 2.8 years (4.4) | Pneumonia | 3220 | High |
| Nibhanipudi et al. (55), US* | CP | 2–17 years | 5.72 years ± 0.38° (m) | AOM | 100 | Low |
| 7.41 years ± 0.75° (f) | ||||||
| Ochoa et al. (56), Spain | CSr | 0–18 years | ±3 years (1 months−18 years) | ARTI | 6249 | High |
| Ong et al. (57), US | CP | All ages (20% child) | 33 years | URTI | 272 | Moderate |
| Özkaya et al. (58), Turkey | CSp | 3–14 years | 5.7 years ± 3.4° | Influenza like illness | 97 | Low |
| 4.25 years ± 2.02 | ||||||
| Ouldali et al. (59), France | qRCT | <18 years | 1.6 years (0.7–3.6) | ARTI | 196.062 | High |
| 1.7 years (0.7–3.7) | ||||||
| Planas et al. (60), Spain | CP | <3 months | 35 days ± 31° | Fever without source and BC (admitted) ¥ | 381 | Moderate |
| Ploin et al. (61), France | CP | <36 months | NR | Fever during influenza season | 538 | Moderate |
| Poehling et al. (62), US | RCT | <5 years | NR | Fever or ARS during influenza season | 305 | Moderate |
| Shah et al. (63), US | CSr | 1–18 years | ± 63% 1–4 years | Fever and cough or respiratory distress | 3466 | Moderate |
| Sharma et al. (64), US | CSr | 2–24 months | 9 months ° | Fever and positive influenza test | 72 | Low |
| Spiro et al. (65), US | RCT | 6–35 months | 17.3 months° | Fever or ARS | 681 | High |
| 17.2 months° | ||||||
| Spiro et al. (66), US | RCT | 6 months−12 years | 3.2 years | AOM | 283 | High |
| 3.6 years | ||||||
| Trautner et al. (67), US | CSp | <18 years | 17 months (11–25 months) | Hyperpyrexia | 103 | Moderate |
| de Vos-Kerkhof et al. (68), Netherlands | RCT | 1 months−16 years | 1.7 years (0.8–3.9) | Fever | 439 | Moderate |
| 2.0 years (1.0–4.2) | ||||||
| Waddle and Jhaveri, (69), US | CSr | 3–36 months | 17 months ± 11° | FWS and BC | 423 | Low |
| 15 months ± 10° | ||||||
| Wheeler et al. (70), US | CP | ≤ 18 years | 3 years (1 months−20 years) | Viral infections | 144 | Moderate |
CC, case control; CP, prospective cohort; CR, retrospective cohort; CS, cross-sectional; r, retrospective; p, prospective.
*
Estimated/calculated from numbers in article.
°
Mean age is given, median age was not reported.
¥
Fever without source: as defined in corresponding study.