Table 3.
Stratified, multivariate‐adjusted analysis according the subgroups divided by covariates for the risk of any dementia
| Change in Smoking Status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continual smoker | Short‐term quitter (<4 years) | Long‐term quitter (≥4 years) | Never smoker | |
| Age, years | HRa (95% CI) | |||
| 60–69 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.84 (0.66–1.08) | 0.80 (0.66–0.98) | 0.78 (0.66–0.92) |
| 70 or older | 1.00 (reference) | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | 1.04 (0.84–1.28) | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| <25.0 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) |
| ≥25.0 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.11 (0.75–1.64) | 0.91 (0.67–1.24) | 1.06 (0.82–1.38) |
| BMI change, kg/m2 | ||||
| ≤‐1.0 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.58 (0.35–0.97) | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) | 0.91 (0.71–1.16) |
| ‐0.9 ~ +0.9 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.01 (0.80–1.29) | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) |
| ≥ +1.0 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.76 (0.51–1.14) | 0.84 (0.60–1.18) | 0.68 (0.50–0.92) |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | ||||
| <140/90 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) |
| ≥140/90 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.10 (0.74–1.61) | 0.76 (0.55–1.06) | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) |
| Fasting serum glucose, mg/dL | ||||
| <100.0 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.99 (0.77–1.26) | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) |
| ≥100.0 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.72 (0.53–0.97) | 0.77 (0.62–0.96) | 0.68 (0.56–0.82) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||
| <200.0 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 0.84 (0.70–0.99) | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) |
| ≥200.0 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.78 (0.56–1.08) | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) |
| Physical activity, times per week | ||||
| None | 1.00 (reference) | 0.88 (0.70–1.12) | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) | 0.79 (0.68–0.93) |
| 1 or more | 1.00 (reference) | 0.87 (0.63–1.20) | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | 0.83 (0.68–1.01) |
| Drinking habit, drinks per week | ||||
| None | 1.00 (reference) | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) |
| 1 or more | 1.00 (reference) | 0.80 (0.60–1.06) | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) | 0.74 (0.62–0.87) |
| Household income, % | ||||
| Lower half | 1.00 (reference) | 0.86 (0.66–1.12) | 0.82 (0.66–1.01) | 0.74 (0.62–0.89) |
| Upper half | 1.00 (reference) | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) |
| Charlson comorbidity index, % | ||||
| 0 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.11 (0.69–1.81) | 1.04 (0.72–1.49) | 0.88 (0.64–1.20) |
| 1 or more | 1.00 (reference) | 0.85 (0.69–1.04) | 0.84 (0.72–0.99) | 0.80 (0.70–0.92) |
BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
Hazard ratio calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted for age, household income, physical activity, drinking habit, body mass index, change in body mass index, blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, and Charlson Comorbidity Index.