Fig. 4.

Pg-C-EE inhibition pathway in macrophage-mediated inflammatory NF-κB. Pg-C-EE might interfere the AKT-mediated NF-κB activation pathway in its anti-inflammatory action linked to suppression of mRNA expression of COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-α. COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; IKK, inhibitor of κB kinase; iNOS, inducible NO synthase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; Pg-C-EE, ethanolic extract of Panax ginseng berry calyx; PGE₂, prostaglandin E₂; Syk, spleen tyrosine kinase; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.