Table 3.
Neurocognitive and behavioral functioning across the study subgroups
| 1. None (n = 255) |
2. PLMS (n = 68) |
3. ADHD (n = 63) |
4. ADHD + PLMS (n = 35) |
1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 1 vs. 4 | 2 vs. 4 | 3 vs.4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurocognitive | |||||||||
| Vigilance | 103.7 ± 0.8 | 103.6 ± 1.6 | 100.4 ± 1.7 | 97.7 ± 2.4 | 0.957 | 0.087 | 0.022 | 0.042 | 0.367 |
| Processing speed | 10.1 ± 0.1 | 10.0 ± 0.2 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 8.6 ± 0.4 | 0.689 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.102 |
| Distractibility | 108.2 ± 0.6 | 108.0 ± 1.2 | 106.7 ± 1.3 | 102.5 ± 1.8 | 0.911 | 0.320 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.058 |
| Working memory | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.3 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 6.2 ± 0.4 | 0.986 | 0.008 | 0.037 | 0.065 | 0.980 |
| Control interference | 38.6 ± 0.5 | 38.6 ± 1.0 | 40.2 ± 1.1 | 44.6 ± 1.4 | 0.951 | 0.195 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.013 |
| Achievement | 105.3 ± 0.6 | 104.9 ± 1.2 | 98.1 ± 1.2 | 95.0 ± 1.7 | 0.725 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.136 |
| Intelligence quotient | 105.7 ± 0.7 | 104.3 ± 1.3 | 101.8 ± 1.3 | 99.3 ± 1.8 | 0.318 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.022 | 0.248 |
| Behavioral | |||||||||
| Internalizing problems | 50.1 ± 0.7 | 50.8 ± 1.2 | 50.3 ± 1.3 | 57.0 ± 1.8 | 0.592 | 0.873 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Anxious depressed | 53.8 ± 0.4 | 53.2 ± 0.7 | 53.6 ± 0.7 | 57.1 ± 1.0 | 0.512 | 0.877 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Withdrawn depressed | 54.3 ± 0.4 | 55.5 ± 0.8 | 55.4 ± 0.9 | 59.3 ± 1.2 | 0.184 | 0.245 | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Somatic complaints | 55.3 ± 0.4 | 55.8 ± 0.8 | 55.1 ± 0.9 | 59.2 ± 1.2 | 0.635 | 0.843 | 0.002 | 0.016 | 0.005 |
| Attention problems | 54.1 ± 0.4 | 54.1 ± 0.8 | 59.1 ± 0.8 | 63.1 ± 1.1 | 0.953 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| Thought problems | 53.9 ± 0.4 | 54.7 ± 0.7 | 56.9 ± 0.8 | 60.9 ± 1.0 | 0.300 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Externalizing problems | 47.6 ± 0.6 | 47.3 ± 1.1 | 52.4 ± 1.2 | 57.2 ± 1.6 | 0.811 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.019 |
| Rule-breaking behaviors | 53.3 ± 0.3 | 53.0 ± 0.6 | 55.4 ± 0.7 | 58.3 ± 0.9 | 0.695 | 0.006 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.011 |
| Aggressive behaviors | 52.9 ± 0.3 | 52.8 ± 0.6 | 55.0 ± 0.7 | 58.5 ± 0.9 | 0.836 | 0.007 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| DSM-oriented scales | |||||||||
| Anxious problems | 53.6 ± 0.3 | 53.3 ± 0.6 | 53.6 ± 0.7 | 57.2 ± 0.9 | 0.653 | 0.977 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Somatic problems | 54.9 ± 0.5 | 55.6 ± 0.9 | 54.6 ± 0.9 | 58.9 ± 1.2 | 0.439 | 0.823 | 0.003 | 0.031 | 0.006 |
| ADHD problems | 53.8 ± 0.4 | 53.5 ± 0.7 | 60.4 ± 0.8 | 63.7 ± 1.0 | 0.638 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.011 |
Data are means ± standard error of the mean (SEM), adjusted for sex, race, age, BMI percentile, MEQ, insomnia, EDS, sleep onset latency, number of awakenings, and AHI. p-Values are post hoc comparisons from multivariable-adjusted general linear models. Bold values are statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05.
PLMS = abnormal periodic limb movements.