Table 3.
Effect on subscales Strength Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ teacher): Test total scores of pre- and post-measures (ANOVA).
| Tests Subscales SDQ |
Rap&SingMT Experimental group n = 65 |
Control group n = 30 |
Within–between group differences |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SDQ T = Teacher | Pre |
Post |
Pre |
Post |
F | df | p | ηp2 | ||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||||
| SDQ TE | 1.06 | 1.68 | 0.91 | 1.51 | 0.87 | 1.30 | 1.60 | 1.87 | 11.18 | 1 | .001 | .107 |
| SDQ TC | 0.26 | 0.87 | 0.22 | 0.84 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.43 | 0.74 | 1 | .391 | .008 |
| SDQ TH | 2.25 | 2.59 | 2.42 | 2.77 | 2.30 | 2.42 | 3.43 | 3.11 | 12.52 | 1 | .010 | .069 |
| SDQ TPP | 0.49 | 1.03 | 0.49 | 1.03 | 0.83 | 1.66 | 1.07 | 1.48 | 1.34 | 1 | .249 | .014 |
| SDQ TPS* | 9.02 | 1.57 | 9.18 | 1.33 | 9.03 | 1.65 | 9.27 | 1.11 | 0.06 | 1 | .796 | .001 |
Note. *Increase = positive improvement. SDQ: Strength Difficulty Questionnaire; T: teacher; E: Emotional symptoms, C: Conduct problems, H: Hyperactivity/inattention, PP: Peer relationship problems, PS: Pro-Social behaviour.