Table 2.

Summary of toxicity data available for photopolymers used in stereolithography resins.

Compound	w/w	Available	Toxicological Information
Acrylate monomers, Acrylate and Urethane acrylate oligomers	5–60%	FORMlabs Autodesk Envisiontec 3D Systems	Toxic or harmful to various species of fish, algae and water microorganisms [49]. Potential mutagens and a reproductive and developmental toxicant. LD50 Oral rat >5000 mg/kg [49] LC50 (96 h) Brachydanio rerio—10.1 mg/L (OECD 203) [70] LC50 (96 h) Cyprinus carpio—1.2 mg/L (OECD 203) [71] LC50 (96 h) Pimephales promelas—34.7 mg/L (OECD 203) [70]
Methyl methacrylate monomers 1, and oligomers	5–90%	FORMlabs Envisiontec Dental resin	Assessment of repeated dose toxicity indicates potential to affect the liver and kidneys as indicated in animal studies [72]. Potential mutagen, and a reproductive and developmental toxicant, aquatic toxicant, and genotoxic in mammalian cell culture [73]. LC50 (96 h) Salmo gairdneri—3.4 mg/L (OECD 203) [73] LC50 (96 h) Cyprinodon variegatus—1.1 mg/L (OECD 203) [73] EC50 (48 h) Daphnia magna—2.6 mg/L (OECD 202) [73] EC50 (72 h) Selenastrum capricornutum—3.55 mg/L (OECD 201) [73] EC50 (96 h) Mysidopsis bahia—1.6 mg/L (OPP 72-3) [73] LC50 (96 h) Lepomis macrochirus—283 mg/L * [74] LC50 (96 h) Oncorhynchus mykiss—5.2 mg/L * [75] EC50 (48 h) Daphnia magna—8.74 mg/L * [75] EC50 (72 h) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata—5.2 mg/L * [75] LD50 Oral rat—7900 mg/kg * [74]
Tripropylene Glycol diacrylate		3D Systems	LD50 Oral rat—6800 mg/kg (OECD 401) [76] LC50 (96 h) Leuciscus idus >4.6–10 mg/L [76] EC50 (48 h) Daphnia magna—89 mg/L [76] EC50 (72 h) Scenedesmus subspicatus—65.9 mg/L [76]
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate		Dental resins	EC50 (48 h) Daphnia magna—380 mg/L (OECD 202) [77] EC50 (72 h) Selenastrum capricornutum—836 mg/L (OECD 201) [77]
3,4-Epoxy cyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxy-cyclohexane carboxylate	25–60%	3D Systems	EC50 (48 h) Daphnia magna—40 mg/L [78] LC50 (96 h) Oncorhynchus mykiss—24 mg/L [78] LC50 Oral rats—5000 mg/kg [78]
1,6-bis(2,3-epoxy propoxy) hexane	15–30%	3D Systems	Not easily biodegradable (according to OECD-criteria) [79] EC50 (48 h) Daphnia magna—47 mg/L [79] LC50 (96 h) Leuciscus idus—30 mg/L [79] LD50 Oral rats—2190 mg/Kg [79]
Bisphenol A-diglycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA)		Dental resins	EC50 mouse fibroblasts—9.35 $\mathsf{\mu }$M [30]
Tetraacrylate 2,3	30–60%	Autodesk Evisiontec FORMlabs	LC50 (96 h) Cyprinus carp—1.2 mg/L 2 [80] LC50 (96 h) Danio rerio—7.9 mg/L 3 [80]

¹ Degrades to methacrylic acid: LD₅₀ Oral rat—1320 mg/kg, LC₅₀ (96 h) Oncorhynchus mykiss—85 mg/L [81]. ² Alkox. pentaerythritol tetraacrylate. ³ Di(trimethylolpropane)tetra-acrylate.