Figure 3.
Up-regulation of mitochondrial OxPhos by replacing glucose with galactose stimulates β-catenin signaling. C3H cells were transfected with the indicated reporters and assessed for luciferase signal after 48-h incubation in either glucose (Glc) or galactose (Gal) medium. Stimulation of OxPhos by replacing media glucose with galactose resulted in significant up-regulation of the β-catenin (β-cat) reporter (A) and expression of β-catenin target genes Axin2 and Dkk1 (B). The dashed line indicates glucose control. Data are means. Error bars represent S.E. (n = 3–5). *, p < 0.05 compared with 48-h glucose control. RLU, relative luciferase units.