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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
(a) Variation of electrostatic potential energy and torque of a single ellipsoidal particle when it rotates for 360°. (b) Variation of electrostatic potential energy and torque of the middle spherical particle in three-particle chain when the chain rotates for 90°.