Table 1.

Relationship of Exosomes in RNA and DNA Virus Infection.

Exosome Biogenesis	Viral Components Harbored in Exosomes	DNA Viruses	RNA Viruses	Roles of Exosomes in Viral Infection	Exosome Diagnostic and Therapeutic in Viral Infections
Early endosome development during endocytosis [56, 71]	mRNA miRNA DNA [12]	Ads [36]	Ebola [59]	Attaches cell surface CAR receptor onto host cells [36]	Encourages the release of exosomes encompassing the HIV- 1 genome to free the body of viral factors [81]
ILVs are released from cells produced by the budding of endosomal MVBs [14, 16]	Tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, CD 81, CD82) [12]	EBV [98]	HCV [43]	Recruits constituents of the host ESCRT mechanism to the sight of viral maturation via Trojan hypothesis [42]	Targets the HIV-1 genome that have been contrived for effective degradation [81]
ESCRTs are released to the site of budding [16]	Immunoregulator molecules (MHCI and MCII) [1]	HPV [109]	DENV [1]	Blocks the development of syngeneic tumor cells vaccinated after immunization [56]	Used as vaccines against tuberculosis [49] and Toxoplasmosis [42]
ESCRT I and II stimulate membrane budding [16]	Cytoskeletal proteins (Actin, Tubulin, Lamin, Myosin) [1]	Polyoma virus [98]	HIV [62]	Support viral reproduction and pathogenesis by facilitating exhaustion of MHC-1 and CD4 particles when Nef proteins are released [77]	Used as analytic indicators in HIV-1 [37]
ESCRT III completes budding [16]	Enzymes (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), pyruvate kinase (PK), Enolase, ATPase) [1]	Hepatitis B [110]	HAV [59]	Initiate plasmacytoid dendrite cells(pDCs) to release interferon [102]	Used as a drug delivery tool for systematic or targeted transport to particular tissues or organs [1]
Exosomes traffic DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins [111]	Heat shock proteins (HSP60, HSP70, HSP90) [1]	HSV [4]	DENV [60]	Efficient transport of suppressed membrane protein 1(LMP1) to target cells [12]	Used as immunomodulators to stimulate or suppress the immune system [56]