TABLE 2—
Census Tract–Level Analyses of Early Childhood Vulnerability With Residential Crowding and Average Commute Time as Main Predictors in Full Sample: 8 US States, 2010–2017
| Average “Not Ready,” OLS (95% CI) | Physical Health, OLS (95% CI) | Social Competence, OLS (95% CI) | Emotional Maturity, OLS (95% CI) | Language and Cognition, OLS (95% CI) | Communication Skills, OLS (95% CI) | |
| % residential crowding, z score | 0.053 (0.013, 0.093) | 0.003 (−0.022, 0.029) | 0.002 (−0.033, 0.037) | 0.009 (−0.021, 0.038) | −0.064 (−0.096, −0.031) | −0.084 (−0.129, −0.040) |
| Average commute time, z score | 0.025 (−0.027, 0.076) | −0.003 (−0.030, 0.024) | −0.010 (−0.051, 0.031) | 0.000 (−0.038, 0.038) | 0.000 (−0.042, 0.043) | −0.011 (−0.067, 0.045) |
| % in poverty | 0.007 (0.002, 0.012) | -0.004 (−0.007, −0.001) | -0.004 (−0.007, −0.001) | −0.002 (−0.005, 0.001) | −0.005 (−0.009, −0.002) | −0.005 (−0.009, −0.001) |
| % with bachelor’s degree | −0.013 (−0.017, −0.010) | 0.007 (0.006, 0.009) | 0.009 (0.006, 0.011) | 0.006 (0.004, 0.008) | 0.009 (0.006, 0.013) | 0.013 (−0.010, 0.016) |
| Unemployment rate | −0.003 (−0.014, 0.008) | −0.002 (−0.008, 0.005) | −0.001 (−0.007, 0.005) | 0.000 (−0.006, 0.006) | 0.006 (−0.001, 0.013) | 0.003 (−0.008, 0.013) |
| % limited English | 0.001 (−0.005, 0.007) | 0.002 (−0.002, 0.005) | 0.001 (−0.004, 0.005) | 0.001 (−0.002, 0.005) | −0.003 (−0.008, 0.002) | −0.009 (−0.015, −0.003) |
| % owner-occupied housing | −0.003 (−0.005, −0.001) | 0.002 (0.001, 0.003) | 0.003 (0.001, 0.004) | 0.002 (0.001, 0.003) | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.003) | 0.003 (0.001, 0.005) |
| Population density | −0.000 (−0.009, 0.008) | 0.001 (−0.004, 0.007) | 0.005 (−0.000, 0.010) | 0.002 (−0.003, 0.006) | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.005) | 0.000 (−0.009, 0.009) |
| Racial heterogeneity | 0.193 (0.035, 0.351) | −0.033 (−0.135, 0.068) | −0.024 (−0.169, 0.120) | −0.080 (−0.205, 0.046) | -0.152 (−0.262, 0.041) | −0.427 (−0.697, −0.156) |
| Residential instability | 0.004 (−0.001, 0.008) | −0.001 (−0.003, 0.002) | −0.002 (−0.005, 0.001) | −0.002 (−0.004, 0.001) | −0.004 (−0.008, 0.001) | −0.002 (−0.007, 0.003) |
| Constant | 2.810 (2.480, 3.141) | 8.631 (8.459, 8.802) | 7.474 (7.290, 7.658) | 7.486 (7.338, 7.634) | 8.713 (8.313, 9.112) | 7.112 (6.657, 7.566) |
Notes. CI = confidence interval; OLS = adjusted ordinary least squares regression. The sample size was n = 2793 census tracts. These adjusted OLS regression models used analytic weights to adjust for the number of children within each census tract. The analysis included jurisdiction-level fixed effects and clustered standard errors at the primary sampling unit. Control variables in the model included percentage of residents below poverty line, percentage of adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher, unemployment rate, percentage of households in which no one older than 14 years speaks English very well, percentage of owner-occupied housing, population density (population/square mile/1000), racial heterogeneity (higher scores = more heterogeneity), and 1-year residential in stability (percentage of residents who have moved within the past year).