TABLE 3—
Census Tract–Level Analyses of Early Childhood Vulnerability With Residential Crowding and Average Commute Time as Main Predictors in High-Poverty Subsample: 8 US States, 2010–2017
| Average “Not Ready,” OLS (95% CI) | Physical Health, OLS (95% CI) | Social Competence, OLS (95% CI) | Emotional Maturity, OLS (95% CI) | Language and Cognition, OLS (95% CI) | Communication Skills, OLS (95% CI) | |
| % residential crowding, z score | 0.055 (−0.015, 0.126) | 0.002 (−0.042, 0.046) | 0.009 (−0.049, 0.067) | 0.011 (−0.037, 0.060) | −0.056 (−0.096, −0.015) | −0.068 (−0.125, −0.012) |
| Average commute time, z score | 0.110 (0.014, 0.207) | −0.035 (−0.084, 0.014) | −0.081 (−0.146, −0.016) | −0.066 (−0.123, −0.010) | −0.060 (−0.129, 0.009) | −0.070 (−0.170, 0.030) |
| % below poverty line | 0.008 (0.003, 0.013) | −0.004 (−0.008, 0.000) | −0.006 (−0.010, −0.003) | −0.002 (−0.006, 0.002) | −0.007 (−0.011, −0.003) | −0.007 (−0.012, −0.003) |
| % with bachelor’s degree | −0.006 (−0.010, −0.001) | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.006) | 0.004 (0.001, 0.007) | 0.002 (−0.001, 0.005) | 0.008 (−0.003, 0.012) | 0.004 (−0.001, 0.009) |
| Unemployment rate | −0.007 (−0.019, 0.005) | −0.001 (−0.010, 0.009) | 0.001 (−0.005, 0.007) | 0.001 (−0.006, 0.009) | 0.010 (−0.002, 0.017) | 0.001 (−0.013, 0.015) |
| % limited English | −0.001 (−0.008, 0.007) | 0.000 (−0.004, 0.005) | 0.003 (−0.002, 0.007) | 0.003 (−0.002, 0.008) | −0.003 (−0.008, 0.003) | −0.008 (−0.016, −0.001) |
| % owner-occupied housing | 0.000 (−0.004, 0.004) | 0.001 (−0.002, 0.003) | 0.001 (−0.002, 0.004) | 0.000 (−0.002, 0.003) | −0.001 (−0.004, 0.002) | −0.002 (−0.006, 0.002) |
| Population density | 0.001 (−0.012, 0.014) | 0.003 (−0.004, 0.010) | 0.002 (−0.006, 0.009) | −0.001 (−0.009, −0.006) | −0.001 (−0.010, 0.007) | −0.002 (−0.015, 0.011) |
| Racial heterogeneity | −0.077 (−0.426, 0.272) | 0.191 (−0.005, 0.387) | 0.167 (−0.093, 0.428) | 0.073 (−0.132, 0.277) | −0.160 (−0.315, −0.006) | −0.054 (−0.434, 0.326) |
| Residential instability | 0.008 (0.001, 0.016) | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.005) | −0.005 (−0.011, 0.002) | −0.005 (−0.010, −0.001) | −0.007 (0.014, 0.001) | −0.642 (−0.013, 0.0000) |
| Constant | 2.549 (1.398, 3.701) | 8.742 (8.172, 9.311) | 7.994 (7.138, 8.850) | 7.537 (6.861, 8.214) | 8.779 (7.495, 10.063) | 7.374 (6.261, 8.487) |
Notes. CI = confidence interval; OLS = adjusted ordinary least squares regression. The sample size was n = 948 census tracts. These adjusted OLS regression models used analytic weights to adjust for the number of children within each census tract. The analysis included jurisdiction-level fixed effects and clustered standard errors at the primary sampling unit. Control variables in the model included percentage of residents below poverty line, percentage of adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher, unemployment rate, percentage of households in which no one older than 14 years speaks English very well, percentage of owner-occupied housing, population density (population/square mile/1000), racial heterogeneity (higher scores = more heterogeneity), and 1-year residential in stability (percentage of residents who have moved within the past year).