TABLE 4—

Census Tract–Level Analyses of Early Childhood Vulnerability With Residential Crowding and Average Commute Time as Main Predictors in Low-Poverty Subsample: 8 US States, 2010–2017

	Average “Not Ready,” OLS (95% CI)	Physical Health, OLS (95% CI)	Social Competence, OLS (95% CI)	Emotional Maturity, OLS (95% CI)	Language and Cognition, OLS (95% CI)	Communication Skills, OLS (95% CI)
% residential crowding, z score	0.072 (−0.004, 0.148)	−0.000 (−0.047, 0.47)	−0.017 (−0.067, 0.033)	0.011 (−0.029, 0.051)	−0.101 (−0.153, −0.048)	−0.135 (−0.237, −0.034)
Average commute time, z score	−0.016 (−0.078, 0.046)	0.012 (−0.021, 0.045)	0.018 (−0.027, 0.063)	0.031 (−0.005, 0.067)	0.023 (−0.034, 0.081)	0.007 (−0.060, 0.074)
% below poverty line	0.006 (−0.001, 0.013)	−0.003 (−0.007, 0.002)	−0.005 (−0.013, 0.002)	−0.004 (−0.010, 0.002)	−0.005 (−0.011, 0.001)	−0.002 (−0.013, 0.008)
% with bachelor’s degree	−0.014 (−0.018, −0.010)	0.008 (0.007, 0.010)	0.009 (0.007, 0.011)	0.006 (0.004, 0.008)	0.009 (0.006, 0.012)	0.015 (0.011, 0.018)
Unemployment rate	−0.006 (−0.015, 0.003)	0.001 (−0.005, 0.006)	0.001 (−0.008, 0.009)	0.003 (−0.006, 0.011)	0.003 (−0.005, 0.011)	0.011 (−0.001, 0.023)
% limited English	0.001 (−0.010, 0.012)	0.004 (−0.001, 0.009)	−0.002 (−0.009, 0.005)	−0.001 (−0.007, 0.006)	−0.001 (−0.009, 0.006)	−0.007 (−0.016, 0.003)
% owner-occupied housing	−0.005 (−007, −0.002)	0.003 (−0.001, 0.004)	0.004 (0.002, 0.005)	0.003 (0.001, 0.005)	0.002 (0.000, 0.004)	0.006 (0.003, 0.009)
Population density	−0.005 (−0.015, 0.005)	0.003 (−0.004, 0.009)	0.010 (0.002, 0.017)	0.007 (0.002, 0.012)	0.002 (−0.005, 0.009)	0.007 (−0.004, 0.017)
Racial heterogeneity	0.185 (−0.063, 0.433)	−0.078 (−0.245, 0.088)	0.026 (−0.188, 0.239)	−0.104 (−0.294, 0.086)	−0.025 (−0.208, 0.159)	-0.527 (−0.900, −0.155)
Residential instability	0.002 (−0.004, 0.008)	−0.000 (−0.003, 0.003)	−0.002 (−0.007, 0.004)	0.001 (−0.004, 0.005)	−0.002 (−0.005, 0.002)	0.000 (−0.007, 008)
Constant	3.625 (2.869, 4.382)	8.471 (7.986, 8.956)	7.021 (6.484, 7.558)	7.212 (6.726, 7.699)	7.196 (6.714, 7.677)	5.310 (4.757, 5.864)

Notes. CI = confidence interval; OLS = adjusted ordinary least squares regression. The sample size was n = 1845 census tracts. These adjusted OLS regression models used analytic weights to adjust for the number of children within each census tract. The analysis included jurisdiction-level fixed effects and clustered standard errors at the primary sampling unit. Control variables in the model included percentage of residents below poverty line, percentage of adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher, unemployment rate, percentage of households in which no one older than 14 years speaks English very well, percentage of owner-occupied housing, population density (population/square mile/1000), racial heterogeneity (higher scores = more heterogeneity), and 1-year residential in stability (percentage of residents who have moved within the past year).