. 2018 Nov;108(11):1478–1482. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304649

TABLE 1—

Associations for Smoking and Sitting in Relation to Health Outcomes, From Most Recent Published Meta-analyses or Pooled Analysis

	Current vs Never Smoker		Highest vs Lowest Category of Smoking		Highest vs Lowest Category of Sitting		PAF
Outcome	RR (95% CI)	Absolute Risk Difference (per 100 000 Persons per Year)	RR (95% CI)	Absolute Risk Difference (per 100 000 Persons per Year)	RR (95% CI)	Absolute Risk Difference (per 100 000 Persons per Year)	% Attributable to Sitting	% Attributable to Smoking
All-cause mortality							3.8²⁶ to 6.9²⁷ (both sexes)
Men	2.80 (2.72, 2.88)^a	1554 deaths	4.08 (3.68, 4.52)^a	2659 deaths	1.22 (1.08, 1.38)^b	190 deaths		21²⁹
Women	2.76 (2.69, 2.84)^a	1099 deaths	4.41 (3.70, 5.25)^a	2129 deaths	1.22 (1.08, 1.38)^b	137 deaths		17²⁹
CVD mortality	2.07 (1.82, 2.36)^c	238 deaths	2.63 (2.28, 3.04)^c	363 deaths	1.15 (1.07, 1.24)^b	33 deaths	N/A	40.9³¹ (men); 11.9³¹ (women)
All cancer mortality	2.19 (1.83, 2.63)^d	192 deaths	2.88 (2.36, 3.50)^d	303 deaths	1.13 (1.06, 1.21)^b	21 deaths	N/A	28.8³³
Lung cancer	13.10 (9.90, 17.3)^d	643 cases	21.70 (17.10, 27.40)^d	1099 cases	1.17 (1.06, 1.52)^e	9 cases	N/A	81.7³³
Type 2 diabetes	1.37 (1.33, 1.42)^f	248 cases	1.57 (1.47, 1.66)^f	382 cases	1.91 (1.64, 2.22)^b	610 cases	N/A	22³⁶

Notes. CI = confidence interval; CVD = cardiovascular disease; N/A = not available; PAF = population attributable fraction; RR = risk ratio. Absolute risk differences were calculated by multiplying the relevant background mortality or incidence rate in the United States by the relevant risk estimate minus 1. The background rates for determining absolute risk difference were based on the following references: all-cause mortality,³⁷ CVD mortality,³⁸ all-cancer mortality,³⁹ lung cancer incidence,⁴⁰ and diabetes.⁴¹

^{^a}

Pooled data analysis, five prospective cohort studies; n = 2 222 223 participants.²⁸

^{^b}

Systematic review and meta-analysis⁵—all-cause mortality: 14 studies [n = 829 917 participants]; CVD mortality: 7 studies [n = 551 366 participants]; cancer, 8 studies [n = 744 706 participants]; type 2 diabetes: 5 studies [n = 26 700 participants].

^{^c}

Meta-analysis, 25 prospective cohort studies; n = 503 905 participants.³⁰

^{^d}

Meta-analysis, 19 prospective cohort studies; n = 897 021 participants.³²

^{^e}

Meta-analysis, 17 prospective cohort studies; n = 857 581 participants.³⁴

^{^f}

Systematic review and meta-analysis, 88 prospective cohort studies; n = 5 898 795 participants.³⁵