Table 2. Autophagy genes as tumor suppressors and promoters.
| Gene | Wild-type/mutant | Cancer type | Alteration in cancer | Effect of alteration on autophagy | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BECN1 | Mutant | Breast cancerOvarian cancerProstate cancer | Suppression | Inhibition | [55, 97, 98, 99] |
| BECN1 | Mutant | LeukemiaLung cancerLiver cancer Endometrial cancer Colorectal cancer Glioblastoma Brain cancer |
Activation | Inhibition | [58, 97] |
| ATG2B ATG9B ATG5 ATG12 |
Mutant | Colon cancer | Activation | Inhibition | [20] |
| ATG7 | Wild-type | Lung cancer | Activation | Inhibition | [100] |
| DRAM1 | Mutant | Melanoma | Activation | Inhibition | [101] |
| p53 | Mutant | Many cancers | Activation | Inhibition | [99, 101] |
| p53 | Wild-type | Many cancers | Suppression | Activation | [101] |
| LAMP2 | Mutant | Pancreatic cancer | Suppression | Activation | [102] |
| LAMP2 | Wild-type | Prostate cancer Thyroid cancer Colon cancer |
Activation | Activation | [103] |
| LAMP3 | Wild-type | Gastric and colorectal cancer | Activation | Activation | [38] |
| Parkin | Mutant | Ovarian cancer Breast cancer Bladder cancer Lung cancer |
Activation | Inhibition | [104] |