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Evaluation of IGF-1 dependent signal transduction. HepG2 cells were exposed to PtNPs and then stimulated with IGF-1 to induce the PI3K/Akt and Ras/Erk signaling pathways. Activation of these cascades was assessed via normalized phosphorylation levels of (a) Akt and (b) Erk, respectively. Data represents 3 independent trials with ∗ denoting statistical significance from untreated controls (p < 0.05).
