Table 2.
Experimental studies: physical activity and cognitive function.
| Study | Region | Subjects (age, mean ± SD) | Study design | Interventions | Duration (weeks) | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lam et al., 201012 | Hong Kong | 74 older persons with dementia (83.45 ± 6.91) | RCT | Intervention: functional and skills training; 45 min/session, 2 sessions/week; control: occupational therapy | 8 | Global cognition |
| Kwok et al., 201164 | Hong Kong | 40 elderly with normal cognition (79.0 ± 5.8) | Non-RCT | Intervention: simplified version of Tai Chi; control stretching exercise; both, 40 min/session, 1 session/week | 8 | Cognitive function |
| Cao and Wei, 201260 | Mainland* | 163 patients with MCI (73.77 ± 7.20) | Non-RCT | Intervention: aerobic exercise (≥3 days/week, ≥30 min/day); control: no exercise | 24 | Cognitive function |
| Cui and Yang, 201263 | Mainland* | 29 women with normal cognition (66.18 ± 4.11) | Non-RCT | Intervention: Taiji ball exercise, ≥3 days/week, 60 min/day; control: no exercise | 48 | Memory |
| Lam et al., 201213 | Hong Kong | 389 subjects with aMCI (77.82 ± 6.48) | RCT | Intervention: 24-style Tai Chi; control: stretching exercise; both, ≥ 30 min/day, 3 days/week | 48 | Risk of dementia Cognitive function |
| Liu, 201220 | Mainland* | 40 patients with MS (68.05 ± 4.18) | RCT | Intervention: Wu Qin Xi exercise, 60 min/day, 6 days/week; control: no exercise | 24 | Cognitive function |
| Mortimer et al., 201214 | Mainland | 120 community elderly (67.80 ± 5.80) | RCT | Tai Chi and walking group: 50 min/session, 3 sessions/week; social interaction: 1 h/session, 3 sessions/week; control: no intervention | 40 | Cognitive function MRI |
| Liu and Wei, 201361 | Mainland* | 190 healthy older adults (63.96 ± 2.61) | Non-RCT | Aerobic exercise and mental activities group: ≥3 days/week, ≥30 min/day; control: no intervention | 48 | Cognitive function |
| Zheng et al., 201321 | Mainland* | 90 older adults with MCI (64.77 ± 5.37) | RCT | Intervention: Six Healing Sounds, twice a day, 30 min/time, ≥5 days/week; control: no exercise | 24 | Cognitive function EEG |
| Hu et al., 201422 | Mainland | 198 patients with MCI (age ≥ 65 years, mean ± SD: NR) | RCT | Intervention: jogging (30 min/session) and Tai Chi (60 min/session), 1 session/week; control: no exercise | 24 | Cognitive functions |
| Law et al., 201415 | Hong Kong | 83 older adults with MCI (73.8 ± 7.1) | RCT | Intervention (FcTsim): functional task exercise, 13 sessions (40–50 min/session); control: cognitive training, 6 sessions (60 min/session) | 10 | Cognitive function |
| Wei and Ji, 201423 | Mainland | 60 older adults with MCI (66.00 ± 5.08) | RCT | Intervention: handball training, 30 min/day, 5 days/week; control: no training | 24 | Global cognition |
| Zhang et al., 201462 | Mainland | 150 healthy older adults (64.79 ± 4.50) | Non-RCT | Swimming, running, square dancing, and Tai Chi groups: 65%–75% VO2max, 30–60 min/day, ≥4 days/week; control: no exercise | 72 | EEG (P300 test) |
| Lü et al., 201516 | Mainland | 45 community elderly with MCI (69.73 ± 4.78) | RCT | Intervention: momentum-based dumbbell training, 1 h/session, 3 sessions/week; control: no training | 12 | Cognitive function |
| Lam et al., 201517 | Hong Kong | 555 older adults with MCI (75.38 ± 6.47) | RCT | Physical exercise: 1 stretching/toning, 1 MB and 1 aerobic exercise session in a week; cognitive activity: 3 sessions/week; cognitive-physical exercise: 1 cognitive and 2 MB exercise; social activity: 3 sessions/week; all sessions lasted 1 h | 48 | Cognitive function |
| Sun et al., 201519 | Mainland | 150 healthy elderly with 138 included in analysis (66.55 ± 6.71) | RCT | Intervention: Yang-style Tai Chi, 60 min/session, 2 sessions/week; control: no exercise | 24 | Global cognition |
| Yang et al., 201524 | Mainland | 50 patients with mild AD (71.96 ± 6.92) | RCT | Intervention: cycling training with 70%VO2max, 40 min/day, 3 days/week; control: health education | 12 | Global cognition Biomarkers |
| Yeh et al., 201525 | Taiwan | 34 adults with physical disability (79.09 ± 10.40) | RCT | Intervention: physical (35 min resistance training) and cognitive (50 min cards, paired and reading) intervention, 2 sessions/week; control: no exercise | 12 | Cognitive function |
| Zheng et al., 201518 | Mainland | 45 healthy older adults with 34 included in analysis (70.12 ± 5.06) | RCT | Intervention: combined eighteen 1 h cognitive, eighteen 1 h Tai Chi, six 90 min group counseling sessions; control: two 120 min health education sessions | 6 | Cognitive function fMRI |
| Zhu et al., 201526 | Mainland* | 86 DM patients with MCI and 78 included in analysis (69.92 ± 6.41) | RCT | Intervention: Ba Duan Jin, 40 min/day, 5 days/week; control: no exercise | 48 | Global cognition |
Abbreviations: aMCI = amnestic mild cognitive impairment; DM = diabetes mellitus; EEG = electroencehalography; FcTsim = simulated functional tasks; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; Hong Kong = Hong Kong, China; Mainland = the Mainland of China; MB = mind–body; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; MS = metabolic syndrome; NR = not reported; RCT = randomized controlled trial; Taiwan = Taiwan, China; VO2max = maximum oxygen uptake.
*
Published in Chinese.