Table 1.
Summary information for all studies included in meta-analytic review.
| Study | Samplea | Goal measure | Country/region | Antecedent category |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adie et al.25 | 424 female (n = 189) and male (n = 235) participants from 6 team sports (24.25 ± 6.24) | AGQ-S | UK | S |
| Adie et al.,26 Wave 1 | 91 male soccer players (13.82 ± 1.99) | AGQ-S | UK | S |
| Bois et al.27 | 41 male professional golfers (28.80 ± 5.75) | AGQ-S French | France | C, S, NAv, A |
| Castillo et al.28 | 370 male soccer players (14.77 ± 0.72) | AGQ-S Spanish | Spain | C, EP, EM |
| Cetinkalp29 | 208 female (n = 120; 16.33 ± 0.47) and male (n = 88; 16.38 ± 0.49) handball and volleyball players | AGQ-S Turkish | Turkey | C, S |
| Chen et al.30 | 691 female (n = 350) and male (n = 341) undergraduates enrolled in physical education courses (20.17 ± 1.30) | CAGQ-PE | Taiwan, China | R |
| Conroy et al.,31 Wave 2 | 356 female (n = 106) and male (n = 250) recreational athletes at a university (21.57 ± 1.92) | AGQ | USA | R |
| Conroy and Elliot,32 averaged across waves | 356 female (n = 106) and male (n = 250) undergraduates enrolled in various physical activity courses (21.57 ± 1.92) | AGQ-S | USA | R, S |
| Corrion et al.33 | 477 female (n = 199) and male (n = 278) middle school students (13.60 ± 1.12) | AAQSPE | France | EP, EM, R, X, A |
| Cury et al.34 | 682 male high school students (14.30 ± 0.70) | AAASQ | France | C, EP, EM |
| Gao et al.35 | 194 female (n = 101) and male (n = 93) middle school students enrolled in physical education classes (12.40 ± 1.00) | AGQ-S | USA | EP, EM |
| Gucciardi36 | 214 Australian non-elite male football players (16.80 ± 0.70) | AGQ-S | Australia | C |
| Gucciardi et al.37 | 423 female (n = 244) and male (n = 179) elite athletes from a variety of sports (25.64 ± 8.57) | AGQ-S | Australia | C, EP, R |
| Hagger et al.,38 Study 1 | 243 female (n = 166; 26.6 ± 11.70) and male (n = 77; 28.50 ± 12.80) undergraduates, postgraduates, and university employees | AGQ | UK | R, S |
| Hagger et al.,38 Study 2 | 216 female (n = 146; 23.00 ± 2.50) and male (n = 70; 24.30 ± 3.80) undergraduate and postgraduate university students | AGQ | Estonia | |
| Hagger et al.,38 Study 3 | 186 female (n = 58; 31.30 ± 13.20) and male (n = 123; 28.80 ± 12.30) and gender not reported (n = 5) self-reported gym users | AGQ | UK | |
| Hagger et al.,38 Study 3 | 256 female (n = 69; 35.40 ± 15.60) and male (n = 182; 28.80 ± 12.30) and gender not reported (n = 5) self-reported gym nonusers | AGQ | UK | |
| Halvari and Kjormo39 | 136 Norwegian Olympic level athletes representing 16 different sports | M-SCAT | Norway | C, EP, EM, R |
| Halvari et al.40 | 152 female (n = 76) and male (n = 76) physically active junior high students ranging in age from 13 to 14 years | AGQ Norwegian | Norway | C, A |
| Kaye et al.41 | 372 female (n = 150) and male (n = 221) and gender not reported (n = 1) enrolled in university physical activity classes (21.20 ± 2.70) | AGQ-S | USA | C, EP, R, S, NAp, NAv |
| Koh and Wang42 | 101 female (n = 40) and male (n = 61) Singaporean athletes (16.70 ± 0.84) competing in the Youth Olympic Games | AGQ-PE adapted to sport | Singapore | X |
| Lench et al.43 | 96 female (n = 83) and male (n = 13) undergraduates enrolled in a highly competitive university dance program that trained career-orientated students (20.12 ± 2.53) | AGQ-S | USA | NAv |
| Lochbaum et al.44 | 213 female (n = 116) and male (n = 97) community adults (37.21 ± 11.76) | AGQ | USA | NAp, NAv |
| Lochbaum et al.45 | 804 female (n = 377; 20.88 ± 2.67) and male (n = 391; 21.51 ± 2.12) undergraduate students in fitness and wellness courses | AGQ | USA | X, A |
| Lochbaum et al.46 | 286 female (n = 131) and male (n = 155) moderately active undergraduates | AGQ | USA | NAp |
| Moreno et al.47 | 727 female (n = 325) and male (n = 402) exercising adults ranging in age from 16 to 78 years (32.57 ± 11.39) | AGQ Spanish | Spain | C, EP, EM |
| Morris and Kavussanu48 | 249 female (n = 110) and male (n = 139) players from nine team sports (13.57 ± 1.69) | AGQ-S | UK | C, EP, EM, X, A |
| Murcia et al.49 | 727 female (n = 325) and male (n = 402) participants ranging in age from 14 to 78 years (32.57 ± 11.40) | AGQ-S Spanish | Spain | C, EP, EM |
| Ntoumanis et al.50 | 138 female (n = 87) and male (n = 51) first year undergraduates (19.30 ± 1.20) | AGQ-S | UK | C |
| Ommundsen51 | 273 female (n = 148) and male (n = 125) ninth grade student ranging in age from 15 to 16 years | GOS | Norway | C |
| Partridge et al.52 | 144 female (n = 88) and male (n = 56) cross fit participants ranging in age from 18 to 71 years (34.40 ± 11.80) | AGQ-S | USA | EP, EM |
| Puente-Díaz53 | 204 female (n = 70) and male (n = 134) tennis players (14.13 ± 2.45) | AGQ-S Spanish | Mexico | C, R |
| Schantz and Conroy54 | 25 female (n = 14) and male (n = 11) collegiate golfers (19.60 ± 1.20) | AGQ-S | USA | C, R |
| Skjesol and Halvari55 | 188 female (n = 90) and male (n = 98) upper secondary school students (16.7 ± 1.70) | AGQ | Norway | C, EP, EM |
| Spray et al.56 | 491 male and female children (11.29 ± 0.30) | AGQ-S | UK | C, EP, EM, S |
| Stenling et al.57 | 315 female (n = 163; 19.40 ± 3.00) and male (n = 152; 20.60 ± 4.00) team sport athletes competing from regional to national level competition | AGQ-S Swedish | Sweden | EP, EM, X |
| Stevenson and Lochbaum58 | 379 female (n = 164) and male (n = 215) university students enrolled in physical activity courses (79.3% of participants ranging in age from 18 to 24 years) | AGQ | USA | C, EP, EM |
| Stevenson and Lochbaum58 | 148 female (n = 90) and male (n = 58) undergraduate students enrolled in physical activity courses (96% of participants ranging in age from 18 to 24 years) | AGQ | USA | |
| Stoeber et al.59 | 138 male elite-level ice-hockey players competing to be on the under 16 national team aged 14 or 15 years | AGQ-S | Finland | C |
| Stoeber et al.,60 Study 1 | 126 female (n = 28) and male (n = 98) Half-Ironman distance triathlon athletes (36.50 ± 7.60) | AGQ-S | UK | C, X, A |
| Stoeber et al.,60 Study 2 | 339 female (n = 58) and male (n = 281) athletes at competing in Olympic distance triathlon (37.20 ± 7.90) | AGQ-S | UK | |
| Su et al.61 | 361 female (n = 206; 19.82 ± 1.53) and male (n = 155; 20.19 ± 1.90) undergraduate students enrolled in physical activity courses | AGQ-PE | USA | X |
| Trenz and Zusho62 | 119 female (n = 77) and male (n = 42) youth competitive swimmers (14.76 ± 1.72) | AGQ-S | USA | EP, EM, X, A |
| Turner et al.63 | 42 elite-level national and county male cricketers (16.45 ± 1.38) | AGQ-S | UK | NAp |
| Wang et al.,64 Study 2 | 647 female (n = 277), male (n = 256), and unreported sex (n = 114) secondary school student athletes (13.92 ± 1.14) | AGQ-S | Singapore | C |
| Wang et al.65 | 264 female (n = 102) and male (n = 162) elite high school basketball players (15.68 ± 0.82) | AGQ-PE | Singapore | EM |
| Wang et al.66 | 309 female (n = 184) and male (n = 125) university students in physical activity courses (21.37 ± 1.87) | AGQ-PE | USA | C, EP, EM |
| Warburton and Spray,67 Wave 1 | 140 female (n = 68) and male (n = 72) youth participants ranging in age from 10 to 11 years (11.37 ± 0.28) | AGQ-S | UK | C, EP, EM |
| Warburton and Spray,68 Wave 1 | 511 female (n = 267) and male (n = 244) high school students in physical education classes (13.00 ± 0.87) | AGQ-S | UK | C, EP, EM |
| Warburton and Spray69 | 147 female adolescent tennis players (13.00 ± 0.85) | AGQ-S | UK | C, EP, EM |
| Warburton and Spray69 | 154 male adolescent cricket players (13.26 ± 0.86) | AGQ-S | UK | |
| Yeatts and Lochbaum70 | 258 female (n = 46) and male (n = 212) university students participating intramural basketball and or a basketball physical activity course (20.46 ± 1.75) | AGQ-S | USA | NAp, NAv |
| Zarghmi et al.71 | 134 male elite athletes active in a range of 13 different sports ranging in age from 17 to 35 years (23.25 ± 6.24) | AGQ-S Persian | Iran | C |
Abbreviations: A = age; AAASQ = Approach and Avoidance in Sport Questionnaire; AAQSPE = validated version of Approach and Avoidance Questionnaire for Sport and Physical Education; AGQ = Achievement Goal Questionnaire; AGQ-PE = Achievement Goal Questionnaire for Physical Education; AGQ-S = Achievement Goal Questionnaire for Sport; C = competence-based; CAGQ-PE = Chinese 2 × 2 Achievement Goal Questionnaire for physical education; EM = environmental-based mastery oriented; EP = environmental-based performance oriented; GOS = Goal Orientation Scale; M-SCAT = Modified Sport Competitive Anxiety Test; NAp = neurophysiological- based approach oriented; NAv = neurophysiological-based avoidance oriented; R = relationally-based; S = self-based; X = sex.
a
mean ± SD values of participants' age (year) are listed in brackets.