Table 2.

Fixed effect model results for intercorrelations and Elliot's (1999)³ antecedent categories by 2 × 2 achievement goals.

Examined relationship	k	n	rw	95%CI	Z	QT	I2	Fail safe n
Intercorrelations
MAp_MAv	48	13,060	0.28	0.26 to 0.30	32.84**	246.89**	80.96	11,571
MAp_PAp	48	13,090	0.37	0.36 to 0.39	45.07**	390.09**	87.95	23,030
MAp_PAv	47	12,829	0.17	0.16 to 0.19	19.71**	516.08**	91.08	3705
MAv_PAp	49	13,128	0.27	0.26 to 0.29	32.71**	323.21**	84.84	11,682
MAv_PAv	48	12,867	0.39	0.37 to 0.40	47.04**	327.30**	85.33	22,622
PAp_PAv	54	14,402	0.45	0.43 to 0.46	58.56**	794.36**	93.20	43,495
Competence-based
MAp	39	10,942	0.32	0.32 to 0.35	36.20**	485.92**	92.18	6846
MAv	40	10,980	0.16	0.14 to 0.17	16.51**	354.52**	89.00	1709
PAp	44	12,263	0.32	0.31 to 0.34	36.82**	423.53**	89.85	8701
PAv	46	12,529	0.10	0.08 to 0.11	10.89**	585.50**	92.31	850
Self-based
MAp	16	5946	0.27	0.24 to 0.29	20.28**	89.12**	83.17	844
MAv	17	5984	0.04	0.01 to 0.07	2.92*	220.21**	92.73	18
PAp	17	5984	0.21	0.19 to 0.24	16.23**	155.38**	89.70	578
PAv	17	5984	0.08	0.05 to 0.11	60.02**	119.60**	86.62	72
Relational-based
MAp	19	6183	−0.05	−0.07 to −0.03	−3.90**	58.36**	69.16	39
MAv	19	6183	0.30	0.27 to 0.32	23.93**	111.74**	83.89	1597
PAp	19	6183	0.14	0.11 to 0.17	11.20**	57.41**	68.65	339
PAv	20	6316	0.22	0.20 to 0.24	17.83**	68.81**	72.39	897
Neurophysiological-based and approach oriented
MAp	10	2171	0.18	0.14 to 0.22	8.27**	107.92**	91.66	98
MAv	10	2171	0.02	−0.03 to 0.06	0.69	20.05	55.12	0
PAp	10	2171	0.10	0.06 to 0.14	4.53**	28.85**	68.80	35
PAv	10	2171	−0.02	−0.06 to 0.03	−0.71	7.20	0.00	0
Neurophysiological-based and avoidance oriented
MAp	6	1665	−0.07	−0.12 to −0.03	−3.04*	40.74**	87.73	0
MAv	8	1741	0.11	0.07 to 0.16	4.79**	93.61**	92.52	20
PAp	8	1741	0.06	0.02 to 0.11	2.61*	25.55**	72.61	3
PAv	8	1741	0.10	0.05 to 0.14	3.97**	87.22**	91.97	4
Demographics-sex
MAp	9	2665	−0.00	−0.04 to 0.04	−0.12	21.86*	63.41	0
MAv	9	2665	−0.10	−0.14 to −0.06	−5.23**	42.58**	81.21	42
PAp	10	2814	0.05	0.01 to 0.08	2.48	27.92*	67.77	0
PAv	10	2814	−0.06	−0.09 to −0.02	−2.92*	14.79	39.18	6
Demographics-age
MAp	8	2145	−0.03	−0.07 to 0.02	−1.18	8.78	31.69	0
MAv	8	2145	−0.05	−0.09 to −0.01	−2.33	5.82	0.00	0
PAp	9	2294	−0.07	−0.11 to −0.03	−3.35**	37.86**	78.87	6
PAv	9	2294	−0.01	−0.05 to 0.03	−0.50	22.55*	64.52	0
Environmental-based and performance oriented
MAp	26	8886	−0.09	−0.11 to −0.07	−8.50**	45.28**	44.79	411
MAv	26	8886	0.10	0.08 to 0.12	9.37**	70.31**	64.44	487
PAp	30	10,578	0.23	0.21 to 0.24	23.59**	144.72**	79.96	3836
PAv	30	10,578	0.22	0.21 to 0.24	23.31**	131.52**	77.90	3801
Environmental-based and mastery oriented
MAp	25	7918	0.33	0.31 to 0.35	30.78**	240.14*	90.00	5475
MAv	25	7924	0.15	0.12 to 0.17	12.96**	60.79**	60.51	981
PAp	29	9610	0.08	0.06 to 0.10	7.99**	147.83**	81.06	586
PAv	25	8566	0.03	−0.00 to 0.04	1.65	214.64**	88.81	3

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; Fail safe n = number of studies in which the intervention effect was 0 needed to render the results statistically insignificant; I² = I-squared test of heterogeneity; k = total number of correlations included in the analysis; MAp = mastery-approach goal; MAv = mastery avoidance goal; n = total number of participants; PAp = performance approach goal; PAv = performance-avoidance goal; Q_T = total homogeneity statistic; r_w = mean weighted sample correlation; Z = test of null (2-tailed).

^*p < 0.01;

^**p < 0.001.