Table 4.
Mean ± SD (95%CI) values of abdominal muscle size at rest and during ADIM in supine and standing positions in RPA and control groups.
| Control group | RPA group | p value from ANOVA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right | Left | Right | Left | Main effect | Interaction | ||
| Group | Side | ||||||
| OE | |||||||
| Rest (mm) | |||||||
| Supine | 4.19 ± 0.88(3.90to4.48) | 4.84 ± 1.12(4.47to5.22) | 4.36 ± 1.29(3.87to4.85) | 4.73 ± 1.27(4.26to5.21) | 0.87 | 0.01* | 0.48 |
| Standing | 5.28 ± 1.01(4.94to5.61) | 4.81 ± 1.06(4.45to5.16) | 5.33 ± 1.72(4.67to5.98) | 5.01 ± 1.41(4.49to5.54) | 0.57 | 0.09 | 0.73 |
| ADIM(%) | |||||||
| Supine | 2.37 ± 11.10(−1.30to6.08) | −4.60 ± 16.90(−10.20to1.03) | 1.27 ± 19.30(−6.10to8.64) | −1.08 ± 18.10(−7.90to5.70) | 0.67 | 0.11 | 0.42 |
| Standing | 0.74 ± 18.10(−5.30to6.80) | −1.09 ± 18.40(−7.23to5.05) | 5.24 ± 31.50(−6.75to17.20) | 6.29 ± 34.10(−6.45to19.00) | 0.19 | 0.93 | 0.75 |
| OI | |||||||
| Rest(mm) | |||||||
| Supine | 6.28 ± 1.24(5.87to6.70) | 7.35 ± 2.09(6.65to8.04) | 6.22 ± 1.20(5.76to6.67) | 6.83 ± 1.41(6.30to7.36) | 0.28 | <0.001* | 0.40 |
| Standing | 7.46 ± 1.74(6.88to8.04) | 7.76 ± 2.04(7.07to8.44) | 7.69 ± 1.87(6.97to8.40) | 7.82 ± 2.01(7.07to8.57) | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.81 |
| ADIM(%) | |||||||
| Supine | 9.81 ± 18.20(3.74to15.80) | 5.66 ± 16.50(0.14to11.20) | 19.70 ± 18.4(12.70to26.70) | 13.60 ± 13.50(8.57to18.70) | <0.001* | 0.09 | 0.74 |
| Standing | 12.30 ± 19.70(5.78to18.90) | 5.41 ± 14.80(0.46to10.40) | 24.70 ± 27.1(14.40to35.10) | 12.90 ± 24.50(3.53to21.80) | 0.01* | 0.01* | 0.50 |
| TrA | |||||||
| Rest(mm) | |||||||
| Supine | 2.88 ± 0.91(2.58to3.19) | 3.24 ± 1.19(2.84to3.64) | 2.76 ± 0.94(2.40to3.11) | 2.96 ± 0.99(2.59to3.33) | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.66 |
| Standing | 3.54 ± 1.07(3.18to3.89) | 3.71 ± 1.00(3.38to4.05) | 3.58 ± 1.37(3.06to4.10) | 3.76 ± 1.63(3.15to4.37) | 0.83 | 0.42 | 1.00 |
| ADIM(%) | |||||||
| Supine | 46.02 ± 34.33(34.61to57.03) | 47.38 ± 47.92(31.42to63.04) | 86.30 ± 42.42(70.21to102.05) | 69.99 ± 41.12(54.97to85.99) | <0.001* | 0.31 | 0.23 |
| Standing | 39.92 ± 35.59(27.99to51.82) | 36.11 ± 41.33(22.29to49.88) | 56.19 ± 52.44(36.22to76.09) | 58.63 ± 60.82(35.79to81.33) | 0.01* | 0.93 | 0.71 |
| Ratio for TrA | |||||||
| Preferential | |||||||
| Supine | 0.05 ± 0.04(0.04to0.07) | 0.06 ± 0.05(0.04to0.08) | 0.09 ± 0.03(0.08to0.10) | 0.08 ± 0.04(0.06to0.09) | <0.001* | 0.64 | 0.19 |
| Standing | 0.04 ± 0.04(0.03to0.06) | 0.05 ± 0.04(0.04to0.06) | 0.05 ± 0.03(0.04to0.06) | 0.06 ± 0.05(0.04to0.08) | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.64 |
| Contraction | |||||||
| Supine | 1.46 ± 0.34(1.35to1.57) | 1.47 ± 0.48(1.31to1.63) | 1.86 ± 0.42(1.70to2.02) | 1.70 ± 0.41(1.55to1.86) | <0.001* | 0.31 | 0.23 |
| Standing | 1.40 ± 0.36(1.28to1.52) | 1.36 ± 0.41(1.22to1.50) | 1.56 ± 0.52(1.36to1.76) | 1.59 ± 0.61(1.36to1.81) | 0.02* | 0.93 | 0.71 |
Abbreviations: ADIM = % change during abdominal drawing-in manoeuvre; CI = confidence interval; OE = obliquus externus abdominis; OI = obliquus internus abdominis; RPA = regular physical activity; TrA = transversus abdominis.
*
p < 0.05.