Table 1.
General Characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristics | Severe hearing impairment | Profound hearing impairment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hearing impairment (n, %) |
Control group (n, %) |
P-value | Hearing impairment (n, %) |
Control group (n, %) |
P-value | |
| Follow-up (months, mean [standard deviation]) | 88.61 (±40.85) | 88.95 (±41.14) | 1.000 | 124.05 (±31.35) | 124.74 (±31.09) | 1.000 |
| Age (years old) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 40–44 | 264 (6.0) | 1,056 (6.0) | 119 (12.4) | 467 (12.4) | ||
| 45–49 | 327 (7.4) | 1,308 (7.4) | 107 (11.2) | 428 (11.2) | ||
| 50–54 | 395 (8.9) | 1,580 (8.9) | 105 (11.0) | 420 (11.0) | ||
| 55–59 | 536 (12.1) | 2,144 (12.1) | 125 (13.0) | 500 (13.0) | ||
| 60–64 | 701 (15.8) | 2,804 (15.8) | 132 (13.8) | 528 (13.8) | ||
| 65–69 | 754 (17.0) | 3,016 (17.0) | 126 (13.2) | 504 (13.2) | ||
| 70–74 | 686 (15.5) | 2,744 (15.5) | 115 (12.0) | 460 (12.0) | ||
| 75–79 | 487 (11.0) | 1,948 (11.0) | 77 (8.0) | 308 (8.0) | ||
| 80–84 | 210 (4.7) | 842 (4.7) | 36 (3.8) | 144 (3.8) | ||
| 85+ | 72 (1.6) | 288 (1.6) | 16 (1.7) | 64 (1.7) | ||
| Sex | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Male | 2,432 (54.9) | 9,728 (54.9) | 522 (54.5) | 2,088 (54.5) | ||
| Female | 2,000 (45.1) | 8,000 (45.1) | 436 (45.5) | 1,744 (45.5) | ||
| Income | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| health aid (lowest) | 357 (8.1) | 1,428 (8.1) | 198 (20.7) | 792 (20.7) | ||
| health insurance ≤10% | 404 (9.1) | 1,616 (9.1) | 83 (8.7) | 332 (8.7) | ||
| 11–20% | 271 (6.1) | 1,084 (6.1) | 54 (5.6) | 216 (5.6) | ||
| 21–30% | 339 (7.6) | 1,356 (7.6) | 89 (9.3) | 356 (9.3) | ||
| 31–40% | 333 (7.5) | 1,332 (7.5) | 69 (7.2) | 276 (7.2) | ||
| 41–50% | 355 (8.0) | 1,420 (8.0) | 75 (7.8) | 300 (7.8) | ||
| 51–60% | 322 (7.3) | 1,288 (7.3) | 51 (5.3) | 204 (5.3) | ||
| 61–70% | 415 (9.4) | 1,660 (9.4) | 83 (8.7) | 332 (8.7) | ||
| 71–80% | 420 (9.5) | 1,680 (9.5) | 72 (7.5) | 288 (7.5) | ||
| 81–90% | 566 (12.8) | 2,264 (12.8) | 96 (10.0) | 384 (10.0) | ||
| ≥91% (highest) | 650 (14.7) | 2,600 (14.7) | 88 (9.2) | 352 (9.2) | ||
| Region of residence | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Urban | 1,778 (40.1) | 7,112 (40.1) | 334 (34.9) | 1,336 (34.9) | ||
| Rural | 2,654 (59.9) | 10,616 (59.9) | 624 (65.1) | 2,496 (65.1) | ||
| Hypertension | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 2,683 (60.5) | 10,732 (60.5) | 462 (51.8) | 1,848 (51.8) | ||
| No | 1,749 (39.5) | 6,996 (39.5) | 496 (48.2) | 1,984 (48.2) | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 1,274 (28.7) | 5,096 (28.7) | 188 (19.6) | 752 (19.6) | ||
| No | 3,158 (71.3) | 12,632 (71.3) | 770 (80.4) | 3,080 (80.4) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 1,259 (28.4) | 5,063 (28.4) | 202 (21.1) | 808 (21.1) | ||
| No | 3,173 (71.6) | 12,692 (71.6) | 756 (78.9) | 3,024 (78.9) | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | 0.060 | 0.562 | ||||
| Yes | 503 (11.3) | 1,840 (10.4) | 83 (8.7) | 310 (8.1) | ||
| No | 3,929 (88.7) | 15,888 (89.6) | 845 (91.3) | 3,522 (91.9) | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | <0.001* | 0.066 | ||||
| Yes | 999 (22.5) | 3,402 (19.2) | 167 (17.4) | 576 (15.0) | ||
| No | 3,433 (77.5) | 14,326 (80.8) | 791 (8.26) | 3,256 (85.0) | ||
| Depression | <0.001* | 0.291 | ||||
| Yes | 603 (13.6) | 1,724 (9.7) | 66 (6.9) | 303 (7.9) | ||
| No | 3,829 (86.4) | 16,004 (90.3) | 892 (93.1) | 3,529 (92.1) | ||
*Chi-square test, Significance at P < 0.05.