Table 3.
Potential risk factors for pneumococcal carriage in the baseline group and at the end of study. The table shows number of carriers, total number of children, carriage rates, p-values, odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI).
| Number of carriers (total number of children) | Carriage rate % (95% CI) | OR (95% CI)* | p-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | |||||
| Sex | Females | 32 (140) | 22.9 (15.9–29.8%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Males | 42 (145) | 29.0 (21.6–36.3%) | 1.375 (0.781–2.436) | 0.280 | |
| Siblings <5 years | No** | 14 (148) | 9.5 (4.7–14.2%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 49 (94) | 52.1 (42.0–62.2%) | 10.299 (5.043–22.217) | <0.001 | |
| Breastfeeding at baseline examination | No | 32 (150) | 21.3 (14.8–27.9%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 42 (135) | 31.1 (23.3–38.9%) | 1.662 (0.944–2.950) | 0.078 | |
| Respiratory infections during intervening period *** | No | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Yes | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Bronchitis | No | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Yes | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Pneumonia | No | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Yes | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Otitis media | No | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Yes | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Systemic antibiotic during intervening period | No | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Yes | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Passive smoking | No | 67 (247) | 27.1 (21.6–32.7%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 7 (38) | 18.4 (6.1–30.7%) | 0.608 (0.215–1.495) | 0.322 | |
| Living with a dog or cat | No | 56 (221) | 25.3 (19.6–31.1%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 14 (47) | 29.8 (16.7–42.9%) | 1.249 (0.574–2.608) | 0.584 | |
*Odds ratios, confidence intervals and p-values were calculated by two-tailed Fisher’s Exact Test. **No siblings at all ***including bronchitis, pneumonia, sore throat, sinusitis, croup and otitis media N/A = not available.
CI: confidence interval, OR: odds ratio.