Table 4.

Potential risk factors for pneumococcal carriage in the baseline group and at the end of intervention. The table shows number of carriers, total number of children, carriage rates, p-values, odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI).

		Number of carriers (total number of children)	Carriage rate % (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)*	p-value*
End of intervention
Sex	Females	90 (126)	71.4 (63.5–79.3%)	1.00	1.00
	Males	84 (132)	63.6 (55.4–71.8%)	0.701 (0.400–1.222)	0.187
Siblings <5 years	No**	89 (130)	68.5 (60.5–76.4%)	1.00	1.00
	Yes	59 (88)	67.0 (57.2–76.9%)	0.938 (0.506–1.748)	0.883
Breastfeeding at baseline examination	No	89 (134)	66.4 (58.4–74.4%)	1.00	1.00
	Yes	85 (124)	68.5 (60.4–76.7%)	1.102 (0.633–1.922)	0.791
Respiratory infections during intervening period***	No	97 (139)	69.8 (62.2–77.4%)	1.00	1.00
	Yes	77 (119)	64.7 (56.1–73.3%)	0.795 (0.456–1.384)	0.425
Bronchitis	No	164 (236)	69.5 (63.6–75.4%)	1.00	1.00
	Yes	10 (22)	45.5 (24.6–66.3%)	0.367 (0.135–0.975)	0.031
Pneumonia	No	149 (222)	67.1 (60.9–73.3%)	1.00	1.00
	Yes	25 (36)	69.4 (54.4–84.5%)	1.113 (0.495–2.650)	0.85
Otitis media	No	127 (182)	69.8 (63.1–76.5%)	1.00	1.00
	Yes	47 (76)	61.8 (50.9–72.8%)	0.703 (0.387–1.285)	0.244
Systemic antibiotic during intervening period	No	113 (163)	69.3 (62.2–76.4%)	1.00	1.00
	Yes	61 (95)	64.2 (54.8–73.9%)	0.795 (0.45–1.41)	0.411
Passive smoking	No	152 (226)	67.3 (61.1–73.4%)	1.00	1.00
	Yes	22 (32)	68.8 (52.7–84.8%)	1.071 (0.458–2.669)	1
Living with a dog or cat	No	141 (200)	70.5 (64.2–76.8%)	1.00	1.00
	Yes	24 (42)	57.1 (42.2–72.1%)	0.559 (0.268–1.181)	0.103

^*Odds ratios, confidence intervals and p-values were calculated by two-tailed Fisher’s Exact Test. ^**No siblings at all ^***including bronchitis, pneumonia, sore throat, sinusitis, croup and otitis media N/A = not available.

CI: confidence interval, OR: odds ratio.