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. 2018 Oct 15;8:15249. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33507-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Flowchart illustrating the workflow to identify of metabolic markers of diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease. Associations between circulating metabolites and renal function were assessed in samples from four different cohorts stratified for type 2 diabetes status individually. Results were subsequently meta-analyzed for type 2 diabetics and non-diabetic individuals separately.