Table 2.
Metabolic traits consistently associated with renal function in diabetic and non-diabetic cohorts.
| Class | Trait | diabetics | non-diabetics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Signs | Beta [95% CI] | p | N | Signs | Beta [95% CI] | p | ||
| Amino Acid | Glycine | 887 | — | −8.37 [−9.73: −7.02] | 7.28 × 10−34 | 4632 | — | −1.29 [−1.66: −0.92] | 6.33 × 10−12 |
| Phenylalanine | 905 | — | −7.92 [−9.27: −6.57] | 1.19 × 10−30 | 4716 | — | −1.69 [−2.07: −1.32] | 1.11 × 10−18 | |
| Glycolysis | Citrate | 913 | — | −3.34 [−4.78: −1.90] | 5.68 × 10−6 | 4705 | — | −1.82 [−2.18: −1.47] | 7.06 × 10−24 |
| Glycerol | 551 | — | −5.57 [−7.37: −3.77] | 1.25 × 10−9 | 3695 | — | −1.77 [−2.19: −1.34] | 7.54 × 10−16 | |
| Apolipoproteins | Apolipoprotein A-I | 926 | +++ | 3.62 [2.14: 5.10] | 1.63 × 10−6 | 4817 | +++ | 0.81 [0.43: 1.19] | 3.09 × 10−5 |
| Cholesterol | Total cholesterol in HDL2 | 924 | +++ | 4.05 [2.59: 5.50] | 4.94 × 10−8 | 4817 | +++ | 1.32 [0.91: 1.72] | 1.51 × 10−10 |
| Total cholesterol | Total cholesterol in very large HDL | 926 | +++ | 3.18 [1.74: 4.61] | 1.41 × 10−5 | 4817 | +++ | 1.14 [0.74: 1.53] | 1.62 × 10−8 |
| Total cholesterol in HDL | 925 | +++ | 3.65 [2.19: 5.11] | 9.65 × 10−7 | 4817 | +++ | 1.18 [0.78: 1.58] | 6.55 × 10−9 | |
| Free cholesterol | Free cholesterol in medium HDL | 926 | +++ | 3.47 [2.03: 4.90] | 2.22 × 10−6 | 4817 | +++ | 0.75 [0.39: 1.11] | 5.25 × 10−5 |
| Cholesterol esters | Cholesterol esters in very large HDL | 926 | +++ | 3.14 [1.71: 4.57] | 1.60 × 10−5 | 4817 | +++ | 1.05 [0.66: 1.44] | 1.43 × 10−7 |
| Lipoprotein subclasses | Concentration of very large HDL particles | 926 | +++ | 2.62 [1.17: 4.07] | 4.13 × 10−4 | 4817 | +++ | 1.21 [0.80: 1.62] | 5.90 × 10−9 |
| Concentration of medium HDL particles | 926 | +++ | 3.33 [1.89: 4.76] | 5.41 × 10−6 | 4817 | +++ | 0.76 [0.40: 1.12] | 3.27 × 10−5 | |
| Total Lipids | Total lipids in very large HDL | 926 | +++ | 2.97 [1.52: 4.42] | 5.71 × 10−5 | 4817 | +++ | 1.28 [0.87: 1.69] | 8.36 × 10−10 |
| Total lipids in medium HDL | 923 | +++ | 3.33 [1.88: 4.77] | 6.29 × 10−6 | 4813 | +++ | 0.82 [0.46: 1.18] | 8.81 × 10−6 | |
| Phospholipids | Phospholipids in medium HDL | 926 | +++ | 3.24 [1.80: 4.68] | 1.02 × 10−5 | 4817 | +++ | 0.78 [0.42: 1.14] | 2.40 × 10−5 |
| Total cholesterol (%) | Total cholesterol to total lipids ratio in chylomicrons and extremely large VLDL | 739 | — | −3.02 [−4.55: −1.49] | 1.07 × 10−4 | 4005 | — | −0.90 [−1.28: −0.53] | 2.21 × 10−6 |
| Total cholesterol to total lipids ratio in IDL | 916 | +++ | 5.43 [4.08: 6.77] | 2.65 × 10−15 | 4805 | +++ | 0.83 [0.48: 1.18] | 3.60 × 10−6 | |
| Cholesterol esters (%) | Cholesterol esters to total lipids ratio in very small VLDL | 920 | +++ | 3.67 [2.28: 5.06] | 2.25 × 10−7 | 4808 | +++ | 0.76 [0.40: 1.12] | 3.13 × 10−5 |
| Cholesterol esters to total lipids ratio in IDL | 917 | +++ | 5.45 [4.10: 6.79] | 2.05 × 10−15 | 4807 | +++ | 0.67 [0.32: 1.03] | 1.66 × 10−4 | |
| Triglycerides (%) | Triglycerides to total lipids ratio in very small VLDL | 924 | — | −3.68 [−5.07: −2.30] | 1.93 × 10−7 | 4814 | — | −1.05 [−1.42: −0.68] | 3.28 × 10−8 |
| Triglycerides to total lipids ratio in large LDL | 923 | — | −5.70 [−7.04: −4.36] | 9.08 × 10−17 | 4813 | — | −0.96 [−1.32: −0.61] | 7.75 × 10−8 | |
| Triglycerides to total lipids ratio in medium LDL | 913 | — | −5.43 [−6.79: −4.08] | 4.05 × 10−15 | 4808 | — | −0.80 [−1.15: −0.44] | 9.26 × 10−6 | |
| Triglycerides to total lipids ratio in small LDL | 913 | — | −5.00 [−6.37: −3.63] | 8.91 × 10−13 | 4807 | — | −0.92 [−1.28: −0.57] | 3.73 × 10−7 | |
| Triglycerides to total lipids ratio in IDL | 923 | — | −5.75 [−7.10: −4.40] | 8.20 × 10−17 | 4811 | — | −1.15 [−1.51: −0.80] | 2.40 × 10−10 | |
| Triglycerides to total lipids ratio in large HDL | 886 | — | −4.17 [−5.60: −2.75] | 9.49 × 10−9 | 4612 | — | −1.34 [−1.70: −0.98] | 1.71 × 10−13 | |
| Phospholipids (%) | Phospholipids to total lipids ratio in very small VLDL | 923 | +++ | 3.01 [1.61: 4.40] | 2.34 × 10−5 | 4808 | +++ | 0.94 [0.58: 1.31] | 4.27 × 10−7 |
26 metabolic traits from 14 metabolic classes, listed here, were associated with eGFR consistently across both diabetic and non-diabetic cohorts. Signs represent the directions of the regression coefficients in each diabetic (GenodiabMar, diabetics-TwinsUK, diabetics-KORA) and non-diabetic (TwinsUK, KORA, YoungFinns) cohort. Results were meta-analyzed for diabetic and non-diabetic cohorts separately. Association magnitudes are eGFR per 1-SD (log-transformed) concentration. For detailed list of associations of all 227 analyzed metabolic traits see Supplementary T2.