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. 2018 Oct 15;9:4259. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06744-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Potential evolutionary implications of PIP2-based signaling in modern immune receptor-based phagocytosis. Phylogenetic trees of Fc γ receptor II family proteins (Fcgr2), Fc ε receptor γ subunit (Fcer1g), DAP12 (Tyrobp), CD3 ζ chain, Moesin, Syk family proteins (ZAP70 and Syk), and PI3 kinase catalytic subunit (PI3K) are shown. On top of the figure, the time axis is shown in the unit of million years. For each tree, the time axis is shown on the bottom, and is aligned to the time axis on the top. The species divergence times from published studies are used. For each tree, the vertical axis on the left shows the number of substitution per site compared to the amino acid sequence of the homolog in Homo sapiens, so the slope of each branch represents amino acid substitution rate. The gray column indicates the time interval of two rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) during the evolution of common ancestors of chordates (1R) and vertebrates (2R). The dark gray bar on top of the figure indicates the time interval of emergence of RAG1 and RAG2 (not the RAG invasion itself)