Figure 1.

Males who affiliated more with infants in 2003 and 2004 sired more infants by 2014. Y axis is the total sired infants for males at a given affiliation level, calculated from predictive margins of the affiliation variable in a negative binomial regression model that controlled for males’ dominance rank and age at behavioral data collection and at the point they exited the dataset, as well as the number of siring opportunities they had (Table 1, also see methods). Affiliation values are a composite measure of the percent of total observation time males spent resting in contact and grooming with all available infants.