Table 1.
Selected baseline (Visit 1) and time-dependent study participant characteristics by age group/sex, and by race for HANDLS participants with complete and reliable baseline MMSE scores (n = 2,574)a.
| All | Older women (>50y) | Older men (>50y) | Younger women (≤50y) | Younger men (≤50y), referent | Page×sexb | Whites | African-Americans | Pracec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %±SE | 20.9 ± 1.2 | 18.3 ± 1.1 | 33.6 ± 1.7 | 27.2 ± 1.6 | 36.4 ± 1.5 | 63.6 ± 1.5 | |||
| (N = 2,574) | (N = 668) | (N = 511) | (N = 792) | (N = 603) | (N = 1,107) | (N = 1,467) | |||
| Age at baseline, y | 46.9 ± 0.3 | 56.7 ± 0.3d | 56.5 ± 0.3d | 40.5 ± 0.4 | 40.7 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 46.7 ± 0.4 | 47.0 ± 0.4 | 0.52 |
| (N = 2,574) | (N = 668) | (N = 511) | (N = 792) | (N = 603) | (N = 1,107) | (N = 1,467) | |||
| Sex, % male | 45.0 ± 1.8 | __ | __ | __ | __ | 46.8 ± 2.1 | 44.7 ± 2.4 | 0.52 | |
| (N = 2,574) | (N = 1,107) | (N = 1,467) | |||||||
| Married, % | 35.1 ± 1.7 | 35.4 ± 3.4 | 38.8 ± 3.3 | 29.9 ± 2.9d | 39.1 ± 3.5 | 0.10 | 45.1 ± 2.3 | 29.7 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| (N = 2,397) | (N = 602) | (N = 462) | (N = 760) | (N = 572) | (N = 1,007) | (N = 1,390) | |||
| EDUCATION, % | |||||||||
| <HS | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 6.2 ± 1.4d | 7.7 ± 1.6d | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 0.011 | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| HS | 52.5 ± 1.7 | 45.4 ± 3.1d | 45.4 ± 3.3d | 55.6 ± 3.3 | 58.9 ± 3.4 | 40.2 ± 2.0 | 59.6 ± 2.4 | ||
| >HS | 38.8 ± 1.7 | 43.6 ± 3.3d | 42.8 ± 3.4d | 38.2 ± 3.2 | 33.2 ± 3.2 | 47.0 ± 2.2 | 34.1 ± 2.3 | ||
| Missing | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 1.2d | 4.1 ± 1.2d | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 5.6 ± 2.0 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | ||
| (N = 2,574) | (N = 668) | (N = 511) | (N = 792) | (N = 603) | (N = 1,107) | (N = 1,467) | |||
| Literacy (WRAT score) | 43.3 ± 0.2 | 42.9 ± 0.4 | 42.2 ± 0.6 | 43.7 ± 0.4 | 43.7 ± 0.6 | 0.08 | 46.8 ± 0.3 | 41.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| (N = 2,560) | (N = 664) | (N = 508) | (N = 788) | (N = 600) | (N = 1,103) | (N = 1,457) | |||
| PIR < 125%, % | 19.4 ± 1.0 | 22.4 ± 2.2d | 16.4 ± 1.7 | 22.0 ± 2.1d | 16.0 ± 1.6 | 0.020 | 12.2 ± 0.9 | 23.5 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| (N = 2,574) | (N = 668) | (N = 511) | (N = 792) | (N = 603) | (N = 1,107) | (N = 1,467) | |||
| CURRENT SMOKING STATUS, % | |||||||||
| Currently smoking | 43.3 ± 1.7 | 31.7 ± 3.2d | 43.1 ± 3.4 | 42.2 ± 3.2 | 53.9 ± 3.4 | 0.003 | 35.7 ± 2.0 | 47.8 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| Missing | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 7.6 ± 2.1d | 4.4 ± 1.4 | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 1.5 | 3.6 ± 2.0 | 5.8 ± 1.3 | ||
| (N = 2,574) | (N = 667) | (N = 511) | (N = 792) | (N = 603) | (N = 1,107) | (N = 1,467) | |||
| CURRENT USE OF ILLICIT DRUGS, % | |||||||||
| Used any type | 48.8 ± 1.7 | 31.3 ± 3.2d | 54.4 ± 3.3d | 43.3 ± 3.3d | 65.1 ± 3.3 | <0.001 | 41.0 ± 2.1 | 53.2 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| Missing | 7.9 ± 0.8 | 10.3 ± 2.2d | 8.8 ± 1.8d | 8.0 ± 1.6d | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 11.1 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | ||
| (N = 2,574) | (N = 668) | (N = 511) | (N = 792) | (N = 603) | (N = 1,107) | (N = 1,467) | |||
| Body mass index, kg.m−2 | 29.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.6d | 28.9 ±± 0.4d | 30.7 ± 0.6d | 27.5 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 29.2 ± 0.3 | 30.0 0.4 | 0.14 |
| (N = 2,574) | (N = 668) | (N = 511) | (N = 792) | (N = 603) | (N = 1,107) | (N = 1,467) | |||
| HEI-2010 total score | 43.8 ± 0.4 | 47.6 ± 0.9d | 44.3 ± 0.8d | 42.6 ± 0.7 d | 42.2 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 45.2 ± 0.6 | 43.0 ± 0.5 | 0.006 |
| (N = 1,996) | (N = 506) | (N = 382) | (N = 640) | (N = 468) | (N = 856) | (N = 1,140) | |||
| DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS | |||||||||
| CES-D score | 13.8 ± 0.4 | 15.1 ± 0.7d | 12.4 ± 0.6 | 14.8 ± 0.8d | 12.4 ± 0.6 | 0.07 | 13.4 ± 0.4 | 14.0 ± 0.5 | 0.44 |
| (N = 2,558) | (N = 663) | (N = 508) | (N = 787) | (N = 600) | (N = 1,100) | (N = 1,458) | |||
| Diabetes, % | 12.7 ± 1.1 | 23.5 ± 2.9d | 19.8 ± 2.8d | 7.0 ± 1.4 | 7.0 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | 10.6 ± 1.3 | 13.9 ± 1.5 | 0.10 |
| (N = 2,404) | (N = 626) | (N = 482) | (N = 737) | (N = 559) | (N = 1,032) | (N = 1,372) | |||
| Hypertension, % | 36.9 ± 1.7 | 57.0 ± 3.4d | 53.6 ± 3.6d | 30.1 ± 3.4d | 18.8 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | 27.3 ± 1.9 | 42.1 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
| (N = 2,281) | (N = 605) | (N = 461) | (N = 693) | (N = 522) | (N = 981) | (N = 1,300) | |||
| Dyslipidemia, % | 23.5 ± 1.4 | 37.0 ± 3.0d | 35.3 ± 3.3d | 14.2 ± 2.3 | 16.7 ± 2.9 | <0.001 | 27.8 ± 2.0 | 21.2 ± 1.9 | 0.018 |
| (N = 2,282) | (N = 602) | (N = 463) | (N = 694) | (N = 523) | (N = 982) | (N = 1,300) | |||
| Cardiovascular diseasee, % | 10.9 ± 1.0 | 20.1 ± 2.6d | 16.6 ± 2.7d | 7.9 ± 1.5 | 4.0 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | 8.0 ± 1.1 | 12.4 ± 1.4 | 0.010 |
| (N = 2,410) | (N = 626) | (N = 483) | (N = 738) | (N = 563) | (N = 1,035) | (N = 1,375) | |||
| Inflammatory conditionsf, % | 13.1 ± 1.1 | 23.0 ± 2.5d | 14.3 ± 2.5d | 12.3 ± 2.3d | 5.9 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | 14.5 ± 1.5 | 12.3 ± 1.5 | 0.30 |
| (N = 2,404) | (N = 626) | (N = 482) | (N = 736) | (N = 560) | (N = 1,032) | (N = 1,372) | |||
| NSAIDSg, % | 20.7 ± 1.5 | 26.4 ± 2.7d | 32.0 ± 3.4d | 18.3 ± 3.0 | 12.0 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 20.8 ± 1.9 | 20.7 ± 2.0 | 0.97 |
| (N = 2,417) | (N = 629) | (N = 486) | (N = 738) | (N = 564) | (N = 1,041) | (N = 1,376) | |||
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 4.39 ± 0.32 | 5.86 ± 0.54d | 4.26 ± 1.32 | 4.57 ± 0.42d | 3.09 ± 0.39 | 0.001 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 0.080 |
| (N = 2,349) | (N = 618) | (N = 460) | (N = 721) | (N = 550) | (N = 1,022) | (N = 1,327) | |||
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, ESR | 16.7 ± 0.7 | 22.4 ± 1.2d | 13.3 ± 1.2 | 19.6 ± 1.1d | 10.8 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | 10.9 ± 0.4 | 20.1 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| (N = 2,414) | (N = 636) | (N = 480) | (N = 733) | (N = 565) | (N = 1,051) | (N = 1,363) | |||
| Serum albumin | 4.27 ± 0.01 | 4.27 ± 0.02d | 4.28 ± 0.02d | 4.18 ± 0.02d | 4.39 ± 0.03 | 0.016 | 4.37 ± 0.01 | 4.21 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
| (N = 2,452) | (N = 644) | (N = 483) | (N = 752) | (N = 573) | (N = 1,079) | (N = 1,373) | |||
| Serum iron | 83.0 ± 1.2 | 80.5 ± 1.8d | 93.5 ± 2.6 | 72.7 ± 2.1d | 90.4 ± 2.8 | 0.37 | 90.5 ± 1.7 | 78.3 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| (N = 2,447) | (N = 641) | (N = 483) | (N = 750) | (N = 573) | (N = 1,078) | (N = 1,369) | |||
| Inflammation composite score, z-score | −0.014 ± 0.050 | +0.284 ± 0.093d | −0.288 ± 0.109 | +0.353 ± 0.074d | −0.516 ± 0.113 | <0.001 | −0.518 ± 0.050 | +0.270 ± 0.069 | <0.001 |
| (N = 2,293) | (N = 603) | (N = 452) | (N = 698) | (N = 540) | (N = 994) | (N = 1,299) | |||
CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PIR, poverty income ratio; WRAT, Wide Range Achievement Test.
Values are weighted mean ± SEM or percent±SEP. Largest sample size is N = 2,574.
P-value was based on linear regression models when row variable is continuous (svy:reg) with sex/age group coded as continuous variable (0 = younger men, 1 = younger women, 2 = older men, 3 = older women) and design-based F-test when row variable is categorical (svy:tab).
P-value was based on linear regression models when row variable is continuous (svy:reg) with race group coded as continuous variable (0 = Whites, 1 = African-Americans) and design-based F-test when row variable is categorical (svy:tab).
P < 0.05. P-value was based on linear regression models when row variable is continuous (svy:reg) and design-based F-test when row variable is categorical (svy:tab), comparing each of the sex/age categories to the referent category of younger men (≤50y).
Cardiovascular disease include self-reported stroke, congestive heart failure, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or atrial fibrillation.
Inflammatory conditions include multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, psoraiasis, Thyroid disorder and Crohn's disease.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) include over the counter and prescription drugs in that category.