Table 2.
VOCs released by tomato plants that were not stressed (NS), aphid-attacked (Aph), water-stressed (WS), and exposed to both water stress and aphid infestation (WS + Aph).
| Mean value of VOC (ng g-1 fr wt) ± SE | Three way ANOVA effects | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NS | Rin | Aph | Rin + Aph | WS | WS + Rin | WS + Aph | WS + Rin + Aph | Rin (1) | Aph (2) | WS (3) | 1 × 2 | 1 × 3 | 2 × 3 | 1 × 2 × 3 | |
| 2,4-Dimethyl-1-heptene | 242.2 ± 26.2 | 353.3 ± 29.8 | 285.7 ± 30.6 | 392.7 ± 18.9 | 258.2 ± 41.7 | 276.7 ± 69.5 | 414.8 ± 35 | 236.2 ± 44.8 | ∗∗ | ||||||
| Ethylbenzene | 57.2 ± 3.8 | 74 ± 7.8 | 72.5 ± 3.4 | 73.2 ± 4.4 | 64.2 ± 8.4 | 75.3 ± 9.5 | 77.8 ± 7.0 | 53.3 ± 9.9 | ∗ | ||||||
| p-Xylene | 242.2 ± 26.2 | 353.3 ± 29.8 | 285.7 ± 30.6 | 392.7 ± 18.9 | 258.2 ± 41.7 | 276.7 ± 69.5 | 414.8 ± 35 | 236.2 ± 44.8 | ∗ | ||||||
| o-Xylene | 99.7 ± 9.2 | 144.8 ± 15.6 | 152.3 ± 10.6 | 124.8 ± 10.7 | 114.8 ± 26.6 | 120.3 ± 24.0 | 95.8 ± 26.5 | 100.7 ± 23.3 | |||||||
| α-pinene | 134.8 ± 77.3 | 186 ± 106 | 236.3 ± 143.7 | 88.2 ± 7.7 | 158.5 ± 36 | 148.3 ± 36.9 | 153.2 ± 29.8 | 70.7 ± 18.2 | |||||||
| 2-Ethylhexanal | 24.2 ± 4.2 | 34.5 ± 3.2 | 19.5 ± 2.5 | 37.7 ± 3.5 | 17.7 ± 3.5 | 18 ± 3.8 | 36.8 ± 6.5 | 28 ± 9.1 | ∗ | ||||||
| 4-Methylnonane | 15.8 ± 2.3 | 39.8 ± 8.5 | 23.3 ± 3.6 | 28.7 ± 5.9 | 14.2 ± 3.1 | 15.2 ± 8.1 | 33.5 ± 4.9 | 12 ± 4.8 | ∗ | ∗∗ | |||||
| Benzene, 1-ethyl-3-methyl- | 24.2 ± 4.0 | 25.7 ± 9.2 | 11.8 ± 5.6 | 8.3 ± 5.3 | 2.7 ± 2.7 | 4.2 ± 4.2 | 17.5 ± 8.2 | 22.7 ± 7.6 | ∗∗ | ||||||
| Benzaldehyde | 72.8 ± 4.1 | 98.5 ± 6.4 | 104 ± 7.4 | 96.5 ± 22.2 | 104.7 ± 18.2 | 111 ± 19.8 | 135 ± 12.3 | 80.3 ± 17.8 | ∗ | ||||||
| 1-Decene | 151 ± 7.3 | 200.8 ± 7.8 | 203.8 ± 15.6 | 238.8 ± 27.3 | 183.2 ± 16.4 | 222.2 ± 40.5 | 254.8 ± 27.5 | 174.5 ± 43.6 | |||||||
| Benzene, 1,3,5-trimethyl- | 89.3 ± 7.3 | 113.7 ± 8.6 | 93.3 ± 3.9 | 157.2 ± 50.8 | 18.5 ± 11.9 | 55.8 ± 29.7 | 94.7 ± 20.5 | 86.8 ± 20.1 | ∗∗ | ∗∗∗ | ∗ | ||||
| α-Terpinene | 185.7 ± 15.5 | 452.5 ± 36.3 | 874.8 ± 133.3 | 603.2 ± 196.1 | 1387.8 ± 288.5 | 1583.7 ± 442.4 | 1155.3 ± 248.4 | 490.3 ± 179.9 | ∗∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗∗ | ||||
| α-phellandrene | 84.3 ± 3.5 | 128.8 ± 13 | 149.7 ± 33.7 | 154.5 ± 15.6 | 50 ± 26.9 | 295.7 ± 156.7 | 241.8 ± 61.2 | 101 ± 24.7 | ∗ | ||||||
| 1,4-dichlorobenzene | 24.7 ± 1.3 | 33.7 ± 7.9 | 53.3 ± 6.2 | 92.7 ± 30.9 | 79.7 ± 25.0 | 108.3 ± 48.1 | 100.2 ± 26.3 | 36 ± 8.4 | ∗ | ||||||
| Limonene | 384.7 ± 50.9 | 880 ± 67.6 | 1435.8 ± 198.4 | 1232 ± 406.7 | 2646 ± 612.7 | 2704.5 ± 555.7 | 2167.3 ± 269.2 | 1381 ± 357.2 | ∗∗∗ | ∗ | ∗∗ | ||||
| β-phellandrene | 233.3 ± 49.2 | 511 ± 46.3 | 1012.7 ± 97 | 800 ± 197.3 | 1407.7 ± 332.6 | 1409.7 ± 361.8 | 1424 ± 233.5 | 579.2 ± 162.8 | ∗∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗∗ | ||||
| Acetophenone | 27.7 ± 1.9 | 39.3 ± 3.0 | 38.5 ± 1.4 | 47.7 ± 5.7 | 40.8 ± 7.8 | 48.2 ± 12.4 | 56.8 ± 4.2 | 30.8 ± 5.2 | ∗ | ||||||
| p-Tolualdehyde | 151.7 ± 17.1 | 218.5 ± 26.2 | 131.7 ± 23.5 | 236 ± 32.8 | 178 ± 28.2 | 204.7 ± 47.3 | 334.3 ± 139.7 | 84.2 ± 22.6 | ∗∗ | ∗ | |||||
| Methyl benzoate | 21.5 ± 1.9 | 35.3 ± 6.7 | 25.5 ± 3.0 | 30 ± 4.7 | 24 ± 5.8 | 37.3 ± 6.8 | 41.8 ± 3.8 | 27.7 ± 4.0 | ∗∗ | ||||||
| Nonanal | 60 ± 6.0 | 98.7 ± 9.1 | 92.5 ± 8.8 | 102.7 ± 17.4 | 89 ± 13.7 | 131.3 ± 25.2 | 164.2 ± 12.4 | 101.2 ± 19.7 | ∗ | ∗∗ | |||||
| Camphor | 19.7 ± 2.0 | 21.3 ± 4.7 | 23.7 ± 1.2 | 21.7 ± 4.8 | 18.3 ± 3.3 | 32.3 ± 5.3 | 46.8 ± 10.4 | 64 ± 40.9 | |||||||
| (Z)-3-Nonen-1-ol | 2.2 ± 2.2 | 18.5 ± 0.4 | 15.3 ± 4.9 | 15.2 ± 4.8 | 9.8 ± 4.4 | 20.5 ± 7.2 | 25.3 ± 1.5 | 9.5 ± 6.0 | ∗∗ | ∗ | |||||
| Naphthalene | 410.3 ± 21.9 | 490.2 ± 21.1 | 473.2 ± 50.5 | 579 ± 52.3 | 350 ± 81.6 | 549.2 ± 63.9 | 712.3 ± 37.6 | 456.3 ± 100.3 | ∗ | ∗ | ∗∗ | ||||
| Methyl salicylate | 15.2 ± 2.8 | 30.2 ± 1.5 | 105 ± 2.9 | 138.3 ± 7.6 | 41 ± 3.2 | 65.5 ± 8.3 | 188.7 ± 5.4 | 236.2 ± 14.5 | ∗∗∗ | ∗∗∗ | ∗∗∗ | ∗ | |||
| 1-dodecene | 1028.5 ± 49.1 | 1184.7 ± 48.3 | 1192.8 ± 117.8 | 1337.8 ± 189.3 | 1072.8 ± 71.6 | 1288.2 ± 174.3 | 1496.2 ± 100.5 | 885.5 ± 281.8 | |||||||
| Decanal | 151 ± 7.3 | 200.8 ± 7.8 | 203.8 ± 15.6 | 238.8 ± 27.3 | 183.2 ± 16.4 | 222.2 ± 40.5 | 254.8 ± 27.5 | 174.5 ± 43.6 | |||||||
| 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde | 13 ± 2.8 | 26 ± 2.1 | 21.5 ± 2.7 | 23 ± 3.5 | 21.3 ± 4.5 | 31.8 ± 5.0 | 41.5 ± 2.2 | 21.3 ± 7.7 | ∗∗ | ||||||
| Benzothiazole | 35.2 ± 8.8 | 64.7 ± 6.5 | 51 ± 11.9 | 76.2 ± 9.7 | 50.2 ± 10.1 | 51 ± 13.3 | 85.0 ± 7.1 | 50.2 ± 15.0 | ∗∗ | ||||||
| Cumin aldehyde | 3.7 ± 3.7 | 26.5 ± 8.0 | 8.5 ± 5.7 | 13.3 ± 9.2 | 36.3 ± 12.0 | 56.7 ± 12.0 | 40.5 ± 11.9 | 13.5 ± 6.4 | ∗∗∗ | ∗ | |||||
| β-caryophyllene | 93.3 ± 15.5 | 157 ± 33.8 | 196 ± 31.3 | 167.8 ± 45.3 | 156.2 ± 41.4 | 160.2 ± 15.1 | 190.8 ± 45.5 | 119 ± 41.6 | ∗ | ||||||
| O-cymene | 0 ± 0 | 13.3 ± 8.5 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |||||||
Each experiment was carried out using uninoculated (NS, Aph, WS, and WS + Aph) and inoculated with R. intraradices (Rin, Rin + Aph, WS + Rin, and WS + Rin + Aph) plants. Asterisks indicate statistically significant effects tested by ANOVA (∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001).