Table 4.
24 h urinary excretion of quercetin, apigenin and glucoraphanin metabolites expressed in nmol per mg intake of the corresponding compound. Statistical difference tested between vegetable based food product and minimally processed “vegetable meal” comparator using paired t-test, P < 0.05. A = apigenin, Q = quercetin, IR = isorhamnetin (3-O-methylquercetin), Glc = glucoside, GlcA = glucuronide, NAC = n-acetyl-cysteine.
| Vegetable meal | Snack | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (nmol/mg intake) | (nmol/mg intake) | Difference (absolute) | P-value | |
| Apigenin (A) | 3.55 ± 4.6 | 3.37 ± 6.6 | 0.19 | 0.89 |
| A-7-Glc | 0.21 ± 0.3 | 0.15 ± 0.4 | 0.05 | 0.37 |
| A-7-GlcA | 5.33 ± 6.6 | 6.32 ± 8.1 | 0.99 | 0.55 |
| Isorhamnetin (IR) | 0.44 ± 0.6 | 0.33 ± 0.4 | 0.11 | 0.19 |
| IR-3-GlcA | 2.67 ± 2.7 | 1.60 ± 2.0 | 1.07 | 0.02 |
| Quercetin (Q) | 0.72 ± 1.3 | 0.34 ± 0.7 | 0.38 | 0.12 |
| Quercetin-3-GlcA | 4.40 ± 2.5 | 4.17 ± 3.3 | 0.23 | 0.75 |
| Quercetin-3-Glc | 0.07 ± 0.1 | 0.04 ± 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.45 |
| Quercetin-3-sulfate | 3.36 ± 1.8 | 2.58 ± 1.9 | 0.79 | 0.10 |
| Sulforaphane | 43.72 ± 44.2 | 36.25 ± 27.9 | 7.47 | 0.42 |
| Sulforaphane-NAC | 508.54 ± 450.9 | 272.17 ± 280.8 | 236.4 | 0.06 |
| Sulforaphane-NAC | 508.54 ± 450.9 | 272.17 ± 280.8 | 236.4 | 0.06 |