Table 3.

Anti-hepatic encephalopathy medications

Non-absorbable disaccharides

Lactulose [56]

Rectal enema application (2–3 ×/day for 0.5–1 h): 300–500 ml

Oral or enteral administration (2–4 ×/day): 15–40 ml

Antibiotics

Rifaximin [57]

Oral or enteral administration (2 ×/day): 550 mg

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA)

L-ornitine L-aspartate [58]

IV supplementation for 3–7 days: 20–40 g/24 h

Oral supplementation: 3–6 g/day

Currently under investigation

Flumazenil (synthetic benzodiazepine antagonist) [59]

Pre-/probiotics [60]

Fecal microbiome transfer [61]