Table 8.
Analysis of variance for lightness (L*) and color change (ΔE)
| Source | df | L* | ΔE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SS | MS | F‐value | p‐Value | SS | MS | F‐value | p‐Value | ||
| Model | 14 | 1,025.77 | 73.27 | 7.54 | 0.0006 | 339.45 | 24.25 | 2.91 | 0.0354 |
| X 1 —FDDG | 1 | 440.50 | 440.50 | 45.32 | <0.0001 | 16.78 | 16.78 | 2.02 | 0.1810 |
| X 2 —Temperature | 1 | 10.80 | 10.80 | 1.11 | 0.3126 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.8586 |
| X 3 —Screw speed | 1 | 2.61 | 2.61 | 0.27 | 0.6135 | 62.51 | 62.51 | 7.51 | 0.0179 |
| X 4 —Moisture | 1 | 43.42 | 43.42 | 4.47 | 0.0562 | 30.82 | 30.82 | 3.70 | 0.0783 |
| X 1 X 2 | 1 | 143.76 | 143.76 | 14.79 | 0.0023 | 24.34 | 24.34 | 2.93 | 0.1129 |
| X 1 X 3 | 1 | 20.88 | 20.88 | 2.15 | 0.1684 | 70.07 | 70.07 | 8.42 | 0.0133 |
| X 1 X 4 | 1 | 38.38 | 38.38 | 3.95 | 0.0702 | 9.67 | 9.67 | 1.16 | 0.3022 |
| X 2 X 3 | 1 | 52.71 | 52.71 | 5.42 | 0.0382 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.05 | 0.8346 |
| X 2 X 4 | 1 | 22.52 | 22.52 | 2.32 | 0.1539 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.9883 |
| X 3 X 4 | 1 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.8641 | 29.05 | 29.05 | 3.49 | 0.0863 |
| X 1 2 | 1 | 97.11 | 97.11 | 9.99 | 0.0082 | 21.77 | 21.77 | 2.62 | 0.1317 |
| X 2 2 | 1 | 65.26 | 65.26 | 6.71 | 0.0236 | 80.27 | 80.27 | 9.65 | 0.0091 |
| X 3 2 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.9882 | 28.45 | 28.45 | 3.42 | 0.0892 |
| X 4 2 | 1 | 7.58 | 7.58 | 0.78 | 0.3946 | 1.74 | 1.74 | 0.21 | 0.6559 |
| Residual | 12 | 116.63 | 9.72 | — | — | 99.86 | 8.32 | — | — |
| Lack of fit | 10 | 113.97 | 11.40 | 8.56 | 0.1091 | 98.25 | 9.83 | 12.21 | 0.0780 |
| Pure error | 2 | 2.66 | 1.33 | — | — | 1.61 | 0.80 | — | — |
df: degrees of freedom; FDDG: distiller's dried grains processed for food application; MS: mean squares; SS: sum of squares.