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Schematic of the unstable flow in a cross-shaped microchannel with the characteristic D-shape and cross-sections of isotropic etching. σs is the ionic conductivity of the sheath streams from top and bottom inlets. σw is the ionic conductivity of the sample stream from the left inlet. Pe, E, λ, and w are charge density, electric field, nominal wavelength and half-width of channel, respectively. Reproduced with permission from [19].
