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. 2016 Sep 2;7(9):150. doi: 10.3390/mi7090150

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© 2016 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Diffusive mixing of bPEI (upper inlet) and pDNA (lower inlet) in a Y-shaped microchannel leads to complex formation at the interface of the two fluids; (b) Broad layer about 10 mm downstream; (c) Complex layer after 24 h of incubation, i.e., without flow; (d) The design of the Y-shaped channel is modified to a 3-in-1 channel; (e) Using the 3-in-1 channel with a “protective” buffer layer (here blue) ensures the prevention of complex formation; (f) 3-in-1 channel with applied SAW; (g) Mixing of bPEI and pDNA in a 3-in-1 channel: no unwanted complex formation occurs, only some minor precipitation at the channel bottom appears without disturbing the particle formation.