Table 2.
Characteristics of the study sample (unadjusted percentages and 95 % CI) of South-East Asian children (n 8364) aged 6–23 months and their families from three economically diverse South-East Asian countries*
| Cambodia (n 2127) | Myanmar (n 1339) | Indonesia (n 5193) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI |
| Child | ||||||
| Age (months) | ||||||
| 6–11 | 34·8 | 32·3, 37·4 | 32·6 | 29·6, 35·8 | 36·1 | 34·2, 38·1 |
| 12–17 | 31·4 | 29·0, 34·0 | 37·2 | 34·0, 40·4 | 32·7 | 30·9, 34·6 |
| 18–23 | 33·8 | 31·3, 36·4 | 30·2 | 27·3, 33·3 | 31·2 | 29·4, 33·0 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 50·7 | 48·0, 53·4 | 53·9 | 50·6, 57·1 | 51·5 | 49·5, 53·5 |
| Female | 49·3 | 46·6, 52·0 | 46·2 | 42·9, 49·4 | 48·5 | 46·5, 50·5 |
| Birth order | ||||||
| First-born | 40·0 | 37·4, 42·7 | 35·5 | 32·4, 38·8 | 38·3 | 36·4, 40·3 |
| Second to third | 44·1 | 41·5, 46·8 | 43·1 | 39·9, 46·3 | 49·0 | 47·0, 51·0 |
| Fourth or more | 15·9 | 13·9, 18·0 | 21·4 | 18·9, 24·1 | 12·7 | 11·6, 13·9 |
| Birth interval (months) | ||||||
| No previous birth | 40·5 | 37·9, 43·2 | 36·2 | 33·1, 39·4 | 38·7 | 36·8, 40·7 |
| <24 | 7·8 | 6·4, 9·4 | 7·3 | 5·8, 9·2 | 5·5 | 4·8, 6·4 |
| ≥24 | 51·7 | 49·0, 54·4 | 56·5 | 53·2, 59·8 | 55·7 | 53·8, 57·7 |
| Perceived birth weight | ||||||
| Smaller than average | 10·5 | 9·0, 12·3 | 12·3 | 10·3, 14·6 | 13·0 | 11·7, 14·4 |
| Average | 55·7 | 53·0, 58·3 | 60·9 | 57·6, 64·1 | 56·5 | 54·4, 58·4 |
| Larger than average | 33·8 | 31·3, 36·4 | 26·8 | 23·9, 29·9 | 30·5 | 28·7, 32·4 |
| Morbidity | ||||||
| No symptoms | 56·9 | 54·2, 59·6 | 67·3 | 64·2, 70·3 | 51·7 | 49·7, 53·7 |
| At least one symptom | 43·1 | 40·4, 45·8 | 32·7 | 29·7, 35·8 | 48·3 | 46·3, 50·3 |
| Maternal | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 15–24 | 34·9 | 32·4, 37·5 | 25·2 | 22·4, 28·2 | 28·1 | 26·4, 29·9 |
| 25–34 | 53·0 | 50·3, 55·7 | 51·8 | 48·6, 55·1 | 52·2 | 50·3, 54·2 |
| 35–49 | 12·1 | 10·4, 14·0 | 23·0 | 20·4, 25·8 | 19·6 | 18·1, 21·3 |
| Highest educational level | ||||||
| No education | 12·6 | 10·9, 14·5 | 15·1 | 12·9, 17·6 | 1·8 | 1·5, 2·3 |
| Primary | 51·2 | 48·5, 53·9 | 44·7 | 41·5, 48·0 | 30·0 | 28·1, 31·8 |
| Secondary/higher | 36·2 | 33·7, 38·8 | 40·2 | 37·0, 43·4 | 68·2 | 66·3, 70·1 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 96·0 | 94·9, 96·9 | 96·7 | 95·3, 97·7 | 97·8 | 97·1, 98·3 |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 4·0 | 3·1, 5·1 | 3·3 | 2·3, 4·7 | 2·2 | 1·7, 2·9 |
| Active labour force participation | ||||||
| Not working (past 12 months) | 30·4 | 27·9, 33·0 | 41·3 | 38·1, 44·6 | 54·2 | 52·2, 56·2 |
| Low | 36·3 | 33·8, 38·9 | 29·4 | 26·5, 32·5 | 27·6 | 25·9, 29·3 |
| High | 33·3 | 30·8, 35·9 | 29·3 | 26·4, 32·4 | 18·2 | 16·7, 19·9 |
| Exposure to mass media | ||||||
| Frequent | 39·1 | 36·5, 41·8 | 34·7 | 31·6, 37·9 | 36·0 | 34·1, 37·9 |
| Moderate | 32·0 | 29·5, 34·6 | 37·8 | 34·6, 41·0 | 31·4 | 30·0, 33·3 |
| Limited | 28·9 | 26·6, 31·4 | 27·6 | 24·8, 30·6 | 32·7 | 30·8, 34·5 |
| Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||
| 0–1 | 6·4 | 5·2, 7·8 | 14·2 | 12·1, 16·7 | 3·9 | 3·3, 4·5 |
| 2–4 | 32·1 | 29·7, 34·7 | 38·0 | 34·8, 41·2 | 12·5 | 11·3, 13·7 |
| ≥5 | 61·5 | 58·9, 64·1 | 47·8 | 44·5, 51·1 | 83·7 | 82·4, 84·9 |
| Paternal | ||||||
| Highest educational level | ||||||
| No education | 8·8 | 7·4, 10·4 | 16·1 | 13·9, 18·7 | 1·0 | 0·8, 1·3 |
| Primary | 44·0 | 41·3, 46·7 | 39·5 | 36·3, 42·8 | 32·0 | 30·1, 33·9 |
| Secondary/higher | 47·2 | 44·5, 49·9 | 44·4 | 41·1, 47·7 | 67·0 | 65·1, 68·9 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Not-working | 0·3 | 0·0, 0·9 | 0·0 | 0·0, 0·0 | 1·4 | 1·1, 1·9 |
| Agricultural | 47·1 | 44·5, 49·8 | 24·8 | 22·1, 27·7 | 21·4 | 19·9, 22·9 |
| Non-agricultural | 52·6 | 49·9, 55·3 | 75·2 | 72·3, 77·9 | 77·2 | 75·6, 78·7 |
| Household | ||||||
| Household wealth | ||||||
| Poorest | 23·8 | 21·7, 26·2 | 26·6 | 23·9, 29·6 | 16·3 | 15·0, 17·7 |
| Poorer | 18·2 | 16·3, 20·2 | 22·9 | 20·3, 25·8 | 20·8 | 19·3, 22·5 |
| Middle | 19·7 | 17·6, 22·0 | 20·1 | 17·6, 22·9 | 20·7 | 19·1, 22·4 |
| Richer | 18·2 | 16·1, 20·5 | 5·5 | 13·3, 18·0 | 22·4 | 20·8, 24·2 |
| Richest | 20·1 | 17·9, 22·4 | 14·9 | 12·7, 17·4 | 19·7 | 18·2, 21·4 |
| Sex of household head | ||||||
| Male | 77·5 | 75·2, 79·7 | 85·9 | 83·5, 88·0 | 91·4 | 90·2, 92·5 |
| Female | 22·5 | 20·4, 24·8 | 14·1 | 12·0, 16·5 | 8·6 | 7·5, 9·9 |
| Spatial | ||||||
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | 86·0 | 84·3, 87·5 | 74·6 | 71·6, 77·5 | 50·8 | 48·8, 52·8 |
| Urban | 14·0 | 12·5, 15·7 | 25·4 | 22·6, 28·4 | 49·2 | 47·2, 51·2 |
| Geographical region† | ||||||
| Region 1 | 8·7 | 7·3, 10·3 | 12·8 | 10·9, 15·0 | 23·4 | 22·1, 24·8 |
| Region 2 | 35·9 | 33·2, 38·7 | 15·5 | 13·1, 18·3 | 53·4 | 51·5, 55·3 |
| Region 3 | 31·5 | 29·0, 34·0 | 9·8 | 8·6, 11·2 | 5·7 | 5·2, 6·3 |
| Region 4 | 6·0 | 5·1, 7·0 | 8·3 | 7·0, 9·8 | 6·6 | 6·1, 7·2 |
| Region 5 | 18·0 | 16·3, 19·8 | 34·1 | 30·9, 37·5 | 7·9 | 7·3, 8·5 |
| Region 6 | – | – | 19·5 | 17·0, 22·2 | 1·2 | 1·1, 1·4 |
| Region 7 | – | – | – | – | 1·8 | 1·5, 2·1 |