Table 3.
Relationship between childhood stunting, based on the WHO Child Growth Standards( 23 ), and household, maternal and child-related characteristics from the multivariable logistic regression models: Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 1995, 2001, 2006 and 2011( 4 , 13 , 19 , 20 )
| 1995 | 2001 | 2006 | 2011 | Overall | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Household characteristics | ||||||||||
| Region | ||||||||||
| Central | 1·24 | 1·00, 1·54 | 1·28 | 1·05, 1·55* | 0·84 | 0·61, 1·16 | 1·51 | 1·03, 2·22* | 1·25 | 1·11, 1·42*** |
| Northern | 1·06 | 0·81, 1·39 | 0·92 | 0·74, 1·13 | 1·00 | 0·75, 1·33 | 1·17 | 0·81, 1·69 | 1·02 | 0·89, 1·16 |
| Western | 1·60 | 1·29, 1·97*** | 1·76 | 1·46, 2·12*** | 1·27 | 0·95, 1·70 | 2·15 | 1·49, 3·10*** | 1·74 | 1·55, 1·96*** |
| Eastern (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Residence | ||||||||||
| Rural | 1·59 | 1·25, 2·02*** | 0·95 | 0·74, 1·23 | 0·96 | 0·62, 1·48 | 1·36 | 0·84, 2·23 | 1·20 | 1·03, 1·40* |
| Urban (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Wealth index | ||||||||||
| Poorest | 1·53 | 1·13, 2·06** | 2·17 | 1·61, 2·91*** | 1·60 | 1·04, 2·45* | 1·28 | 0·73, 2·24 | 1·73 | 1·45, 2·06*** |
| Poorer | 1·53 | 1·15, 2·03** | 1·92 | 1·43, 2·57*** | 1·14 | 0·76, 1·72 | 1·02 | 0·59, 1·75 | 1·50 | 1·26, 1·78*** |
| Middle | 1·13 | 0·85, 1·49 | 1·99 | 1·50, 2·63*** | 1·66 | 1·13, 2·45* | 2·11 | 1·26, 3·53** | 1·61 | 1·36, 1·90*** |
| Richer | 1·20 | 0·91, 1·57 | 1·66 | 1·26, 2·18*** | 1·37 | 0·94, 2·01 | 1·15 | 0·68, 1·92 | 1·37 | 1·16, 1·61*** |
| Richest (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Source of drinking-water | ||||||||||
| Non-improved | 1·11 | 0·95, 1·30 | 0·96 | 0·84, 1·11 | 1·30 | 1·05, 1·61* | 1·32 | 1·01, 1·72* | 1·09 | 1·00, 1·18 |
| Improved (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 15–19 | 1·46 | 1·10, 1·95** | 1·53 | 1·14, 2·04** | 1·58 | 0·96, 2·60 | 2·21 | 1·29, 3·81** | 1·57 | 1·31, 1·87*** |
| 20–30 | 1·28 | 1·08, 1·52** | 1·10 | 0·95, 1·28 | 1·12 | 0·91, 1·37 | 1·32 | 1·03, 1·70* | 1·18 | 1·08, 1·29*** |
| 31–49 (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| BMI/pregnancy status | ||||||||||
| Pregnant/postpartum | 1·01 | 0·83, 1·23 | 1·02 | 0·86, 1·21 | 0·94 | 0·75, 1·19 | 1·46 | 1·08, 1·97* | 1·04 | 0·94, 1·16 |
| Thin | 1·33 | 0·99, 1·77 | 1·10 | 0·83, 1·46 | 0·83 | 0·57, 1·21 | 0·90 | 0·59, 1·39 | 1·08 | 0·92, 1·27 |
| Overweight/obese | 0·67 | 0·52, 0·86** | 0·76 | 0·61, 0·93** | 0·64 | 0·46, 0·88** | 0·68 | 0·47, 0·99* | 0·70 | 0·61, 0·79*** |
| Normal (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Highest educational level | ||||||||||
| None | 1·22 | 0·91, 1·62 | 1·36 | 1·03, 1·80* | 1·58 | 1·06, 2·35* | 1·54 | 0·95, 2·52 | 1·34 | 1·14, 1·59*** |
| Primary | 1·24 | 0·96, 1·60 | 1·01 | 0·79, 1·30 | 1·69 | 1·20, 2·38*** | 1·29 | 0·88, 1·87 | 1·20 | 1·04, 1·38* |
| Secondary or higher (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Work status | ||||||||||
| Unemployed | 1·16 | 0·92, 1·48 | 1·07 | 0·83, 1·38 | 1·38 | 0·89, 2·14 | 0·79 | 0·54, 1·16 | 1·06 | 0·92, 1·23 |
| Self-employed | 1·28 | 1·01, 1·63* | 1·21 | 0·96, 1·53 | 1·07 | 0·80, 1·42 | 1·08 | 0·78, 1·50 | 1·18 | 1·04, 1·34* |
| Employed (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Child-related characteristics | ||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 1·44 | 1·24, 1·67*** | 1·31 | 1·15, 1·50*** | 1·46 | 1·20, 1·78*** | 1·72 | 1·35, 2·20*** | 1·42 | 1·31, 1·54*** |
| Female (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Current age (months) | ||||||||||
| 13–23 | 3·07 | 2·51, 3·75*** | 3·32 | 2·70, 4·08*** | 3·31 | 2·40, 4·58*** | 3·96 | 2·69, 5·85*** | 3·22 | 2·85, 3·65*** |
| 24–35 | 4·76 | 3·83, 5·91*** | 4·48 | 3·59, 5·60*** | 4·24 | 3·09, 5·83*** | 5·68 | 3·80, 8·50*** | 4·61 | 4·05, 5·25*** |
| 36–59 | 4·69 | 3·76, 5·85*** | 3·58 | 2·94, 4·37*** | 3·49 | 2·61, 4·67*** | 3·66 | 2·53, 5·31*** | 3·75 | 3·32, 4·23*** |
| 0–12 (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Low birth size | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1·44 | 1·19, 1·74*** | 1·50 | 1·26, 1·79*** | 1·89 | 1·48, 2·41*** | 1·99 | 1·50, 2·64*** | 1·59 | 1·44, 1·77*** |
| No (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Preceding birth interval less than 24 months | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1·11 | 0·93, 1·32 | 1·25 | 1·06, 1·47** | 1·23 | 0·95, 1·57 | 1·23 | 0·92, 1·63 | 1·19 | 1·08, 1·32*** |
| No (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Had fever in last two weeks | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1·18 | 1·01, 1·38* | 1·09 | 0·95, 1·25 | 0·94 | 0·76, 1·15 | 1·11 | 0·85,1·44 | 1·08 | 0·99, 1·18 |
| No (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Had diarrhoea in last two weeks | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1·17 | 1·07, 1·28*** | 1·17 | 1·07, 1·27*** | 1·23 | 1·10, 1·39*** | 1·11 | 0·97,1·28 | 1·17 | 1·11, 1·23*** |
| No (ref.) | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – |
| Survey year | ||||||||||
| 2001 | 0·89 | 0·81, 0·99* | ||||||||
| 2006 | 0·64 | 0·57, 0·73*** | ||||||||
| 2011 | 0·58 | 0·51, 0·67*** | ||||||||
| 1995 (ref.) | 1·00 | – | ||||||||
ref., reference category.
*P≤0·05, **P≤0·01, ***P≤0·001.
OR are adjusted in multivariable models.
All variables in Table 3 are included in each model.