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Pump demonstration experiment using different numbers of valves. (a) The fabricated prototype of the all-glass microfluidic device containing 110 valves; (b) Experimental set-up of the microfluidic device with the piezoelectric head containing 110 piezoelectric units; (c) The numbers of valves used to demonstrate the pump function; (d,e) Plots showing the dependence of the flow velocity in the channel or the flow rate, and the number of valve lines.
