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. 2016 May 6;7(5):83. doi: 10.3390/mi7050083

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© 2016 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Dependency on frequency of flow switching. (a) Switching sequence of the valve units employed in this experiment, and estimated switching sequence of flow direction; (b) The employed valve units and direction measurement location in the channel between these employed valve units; (c) The motion of numerous 1-μm-diameter particles was observed in this location; (d) The delay between the two switching actions was observed and plotted. A maximum frequency of flow switching of 12 Hz was observed for a valve switching frequency of 25 Hz.