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(Left) Diffraction loss (λ = 1550 nm) between two butt-coupled fixed waveguides of different technologies (SiO2/PSG/SiO2 [65], InP/InGaAsP [36], SiO2/Si/Air [27]), as a function of the separation distance s. (Right) Reflection (Fresnel) loss at an interface between a material of refractive index n and air.
