Fig. 5.

Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses and ginsenoside content comparisons using different sampling methods. The SEM images of the residues for untreated sample (A) and treated samples using ultrasound extraction with 70% methanol for 30 min (B), chloroform reflux for 3 h (C), chloroform reflux for 3 h along with n-butanol ultrasound extraction for 30 min (D), and n-butanol ultrasound extraction for 30 min (E) were recorded. The mean peak areas of ginsenosides (n = 3) of the three ways of extraction were compared (F). In particular, the peak area of sample B was zoomed in five times due to the fact that the solvent volume was 50 mL for 1 g ginseng powder.