Table 1.
Applications of CRISPR-Cas9/Cas12a biotechnologies in various bacteria.
| Bacteria | Biotechnologies | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Escherichia coli | ||
| E. coli [84,115,116,122,123] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Production of uridine, adipic acid, β-carotene, and isopropanol |
| E. coli [72,243] | Cas12a-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| E. coli [63,90,92] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRa | Biotechnology demo |
| E. coli [[117], [118], [119], [120], [121],[124], [125], [126], [127]] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Production of lycopene, isoprene, 4-hydroxybutyrate, malate, butanol, naringenin, malonyl-CoA, and mevalonate |
| E. coli [61] | dCas12a-mediated CRISPRi | Biotechnology demo |
| E. coli [[96], [97], [98]] | DNA base editing | Biotechnology demo |
| E. coli [74] | RNA base editing | Biotechnology demo |
| E. coli [71,72] | RNA cleavage | Biotechnology demo |
| Cyanobacteria | ||
| Synechococcus [134] | Cas12a-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| Synechocystis [134] | Cas12a-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| Anabaena [134] | Cas12a-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| S. elongatus [150,153] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| Synechocystis [151] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| Streptomyces | ||
| S. coelicolor [171,173,174,176] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Production of secondary metabolites |
| S. ablus [172,177] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Activation of silent BGCs |
| S. viridochromogenes [172,177] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Activation of silent BGCs |
| S. lividans [172,177] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Activation of silent BGCs |
| S. coelicolor [174] | dCas12a-mediated CRISPRi | Production of secondary metabolites |
| S. hygroscopicus [174] | Cas12a-mediated genome editing | Production of 5-oxomilbemycin |
| S. rimosus [175] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Production of oxytetracycline |
| S. coelicolor [176] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Production of secondary metabolites |
| S. venezuelae [177] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Activation of silent BGCs |
| Lactic acid bacteria | ||
| L. reuteri [85] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| L. casei [186] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| Clostridium | ||
| C. beijerinckii [193,194] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum [195] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Production of butanol |
| C. acetobutylicum [196] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Biotechnology demo |
| C. beijerinckii [196] | nCas9-mediated genome editing, dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Biotechnology demo |
| C. ljungdahlii [198] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Production of ethanol from synthetic gas |
| C. tyrobutyricum [199] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Production of butanol |
| C. pasteurianum [200] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Production of butanol from waste glycerol |
| C. difficile [201] | Cas12a-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| C. cellulolyticum [202,203] | nCas9-mediated genome editing | Production of biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass |
| C. acetobutylicum [204] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Relief of catabolite repression |
| C. beijerinckii [205] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Biotechnology demo |
| C. cellulovorans [206] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Production of solvents (acetone, butanol and ethanol) |
| Corynebacterium | ||
| C. glutamicum [209] | Cas12a-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| C. glutamicum [[210], [211], [212], [213]] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Production of γ–aminobutyric acid, 1,2-propanediol |
| C. glutamicum [214] | Cas9 and nCas9-mediated genome editing, base editing | Production of glutamate |
| C. glutamicum [[215], [216], [217]] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Production of l-lysine, l-glutamate and homo-butyrate |
| Bacillus | ||
| B. subtilis [219,220,223,224] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Production of l-valine and β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase |
| B. subtilis [219,221,222] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Production of hyaluronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine |
| B. smithii [225,226] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo on a moderate thermophile |
| Pathogenic bacteria | ||
| S. aureus [229] | DNA base editing | Biotechnology demo |
| S. aureus [230] | Cas9-mediated CRISPR | Biotechnology demo |
| S. aureus [231] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Biotechnology demo |
| M. tuberculosis [[232], [233], [234]] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Biotechnology demo |
| P. aeruginosa [240] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Biotechnology demo |
| Klebsiella [241] | Cas9-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |
| K. pneumoniae [242] | dCas9-mediated CRISPRi | Biotechnology demo |
| Y. pestis [243] | Cas12a-mediated genome editing | Biotechnology demo |