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Symmetric cathodal first waveform with a 10ms pulse-width and a 1ms dwell time, and corresponding voltage transient response ([Area] = 1 cm2). Vbias: bias voltage versus Ag/AgCl; Va: access voltage; Emc: the most negative polarization; Ema: the most positive polarization (a) ITO substrates coated with a 40nm thick film of polydopamine melanin (Melanin); (b) substrates composed of bare indium tin oxide (ITO).
